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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тракторы и сельхозмашины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0321-4443</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-425X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">634514</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/0321-4443-634514</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Environmentally friendly technologies and equipment</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экологически чистые технологии и оборудование</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Improvement of methods and technical means of water erosion control during cultivating potatoes on a profiled field surface</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Совершенствование методов и технических средств борьбы с водной эрозией при возделывании картофеля на профилированной поверхности поля</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6301-5758</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6759-2761</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinin</surname><given-names>Andrey B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинин</surname><given-names>Андрей Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor of the Technical Systems in Agribusiness Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, профессор кафедры «Технические системы в агробизнесе»</p></bio><email>andrkalinin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4464-066X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5967-8078</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Teplinsky</surname><given-names>Igor Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Теплинский</surname><given-names>Игорь Зиновьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering), Professor of the Technical Systems in Agribusiness Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, профессор кафедры «Технические системы в агробизнесе»</p></bio><email>teplinskij.igor.zinovevich@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1786-2489</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6776-1692</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nemtsev</surname><given-names>Ivan S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Немцев</surname><given-names>Иван Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor of the Technical Systems in Agribusiness Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры «Технические системы в агробизнесе»</p></bio><email>ivannemcev180997@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Agrarian University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный аграрный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>91</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>673</fpage><lpage>682</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-22"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-31"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-02-21"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/634514">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/634514</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Potato is a crop that requires the preparation of a fine-grained structure of the upper tuber-inhabited soil layer to form tubers of the correct shape, as well as to ensure conditions for good soil separation during harvesting. For this purpose, most technologies for cultivating this crop consider for the formation of a profiled field surface. One of the results of global climate changes is an increase in the frequency of heavy rainfall during the growing season. At the same time, the presence of a profiled surface on fields with even a slight slope leads to significant risks of water erosion during heavy rains due to water flowing from the ridge walls into the row spacing. This leads to annual irreparable losses of the fertile soil layer. Therefore, in order to ensure the preservation of the level of natural soil fertility and to eliminate the risks of water erosion when using intensive potato production technologies in the context of global climate changes, it is necessary to improve the technological methods and technical means used to form a profiled field surface.</p> <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Protection of soil from water erosion during potato cultivation on a profiled field surface by improving technological methods and technical means used to form a profiled field surface, as well as justification of the parameters and modes of their operation.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold><italic> </italic>The study object is a non-powered rotary hole-digger mounted on an inter-row cultivator-subsoiler. To select reasonable parameters of working bodies of the hole-digger, theoretical studies were con-ducted on the basis of which the rotor diameter of its vanes was selected. The following assumptions were adopted as initial data for determining the technological parameters of the hole-digger: intensity of downpour; depth of the loosening tines of the row-crop cultivator-subsoiler; the rate of rain absorption by capillaries on medium-loamy soils at a certain degree of field slope. The theoretical calculation of the technological parameters of the hole-digger was performed on the basis of the built paths of the rotor center and its vanes during the working process. The calculation of the parameters of the hole-digger was carried out taking into account that the front and rear walls of a hole are formed by its vane by pushing loose soil during rolling with a step t relative to a fixed point at a certain depth h, the step of the hole-digger’s vanes t is determined by the design parameters of the rotor: diameter D and the number of vanes on it.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In order to determine the number of holes per linear meter, the volume of water that gets between the rows during a downpour was calculated depending on their inter-row width. The calculation results showed that with a precipitation intensity of 15 mm/h the number of holes per linear meter of the profiled surface of the field varies from 2.4 to 3.1 pcs/m. These data made it possible to deter-mine the reasonable parameters of the hole-digger for protection against water erosion of the fields located on slopes when cultivating potatoes on the profiled surface.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> An effective method for preventing water erosion on the profiled surface of a field when cultivating potatoes is deep loosening between rows with simultaneous formation of holes at the bottom of the furrow. For this purpose, it is proposed to use a non-powered rotary hole-digger. When using a hole-digger with a rotor diameter of 600 mm the number of holes per linear meter varies from 2.4 pcs/m with a inter row spacing of 70 cm to 3.1 pcs/m with a inter row spacing of 90 cm. For reliable protection of soil from water erosion, it is enough to install 4 vanes on the rotor with the inter-row spacing of 70 cm, 5 vanes with the inter-row spacing of 75 and 80 cm, and 6 vanes will be required with the inter-row spacing of 90 cm.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Картофель является культурой, требующей создания мелкокомковатой структуры верхнего клубнеобитаемого слоя почвы для формирования клубней правильной формы, а также для обеспечения условий для хорошей сепарации почвы во время выполнения уборочных работ. С этой целью большинство технологий возделывания данной культуры предусматривает формирование профилированной поверхности поля. Одним из результатов глобальных климатических изменений является увеличение частоты выпадения ливневых осадков в период вегетации растений. При этом наличие профилированной поверхности на полях, обладающих даже небольшим уклоном, ведет к значительным рискам развития водной эрозии почвы во время ливней из-за стекания воды со стенок гребней в междурядья. Это приводит к ежегодным невосполнимым потерям плодородного слоя почвы. Поэтому для обеспечения сохранения уровня естественного почвенного плодородия и исключения рисков развития водной эрозии при использовании интенсивных технологий производства картофеля в условиях глобальных климатических изменений требуется совершенствовать технологические приёмы и технические средства, используемые для формирования профилированной поверхности поля.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — защита почвы от водной эрозии при возделывании картофеля на профилированной поверхности поля за счёт совершенствования технологических приёмов и технических средств, используемых для формирования профилированной поверхности поля, а также обоснования параметров рабочих органов.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Объектом исследований является ротационный лункователь бесприводного действия, установленный на пропашном культиваторе-глубокорыхлителе. Для выбора рациональных параметров рабочих органов лункователя были проведены теоретические исследования, на основе которых выбран диаметр ротора его лопастей. В качестве исходных данных для определения технологических параметров лункователя приняты следующие допущения: интенсивность выпадения ливней; глубина хода рыхлительных лап пропашного культиватора-глубокорыхлителя; скорость впитывания дождя по капиллярам на среднесуглинистых почвах при определённой степени уклона поля. Теоретический расчёт технологических параметров лункователя выполнен на основе построенных траекторий перемещения центра ротора и его лопастей во время выполнения рабочего процесса. Расчёт параметров лункователя выполнялся с учётом того, что передняя и задняя стенки лунки образованы его лопастью путём смятия рыхлой почвы при перекатывании с шагом t относительно неподвижной точки на определённой глубине h, шаг лункователя t определяется конструктивными параметрами ротора: диаметр D и количество лопастей на нём.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Для определения числа лунок на погонном метре был рассчитан объём воды, который попадает в междурядья во время ливня в зависимости от их ширины. Результаты расчёта показали, что при интенсивности осадков 15 мм/ч число лунок на погонном метре профилированной поверхности поля, варьируется от 2,4 до 3,1 шт/м. Эти данные позволили определить рациональные параметры лункователя для защиты от водной эрозии сельскохозяйственных земель, расположенных на склонах, при возделывании картофеля на профилированной поверхности поля.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Эффективным методом предотвращения водной эрозии на профилированной поверхности поля при возделывании картофеля является глубокое рыхление междурядий с одновременным формированием лунок на дне борозды. Для этой цели предлагается использовать ротационный лункователь бесприводного действия. При использовании лункователя с диаметром ротора 600 мм количество лунок на погонном метре варьируется от 2,4 шт/м при ширине междурядья 70 см до 3,1 шт/м при ширине междурядья 90 см. Для надёжной защиты почв от водной эрозии при ширине междурядья 70 см на роторе достаточно установить 4 лопатки, при ширине 75 и 80 см 5 лопаток, а при ширине 90 см потребуется 6 лопаток.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>global climate change</kwd><kwd>soil</kwd><kwd>erosion</kwd><kwd>inter row subsoiler cultivator</kwd><kwd>profiled surface</kwd><kwd>hole-digger</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глобальные климатические изменения</kwd><kwd>почва</kwd><kwd>эрозия</kwd><kwd>пропашной культиватор-глубокорыхлитель</kwd><kwd>профилированная поверхность</kwd><kwd>лункователь</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Shpaar D, Bykin A, Dreger D, et al. Potatoes. Moscow: Buki Vedi; 2022. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Lemann T, Sprafke T, Bachmann F, et al. 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