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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тракторы и сельхозмашины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0321-4443</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-425X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">635228</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/0321-4443-635228</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theory, designing, testing</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теория, конструирование, испытания</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modeling the working process of a gas-diesel engine running on ammonia with the addition of hydrogen</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Моделирование рабочего процесса газодизеля, работающего на аммиаке с добавкой водорода</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7915-0623</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8258-1827</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galyshev</surname><given-names>Yuriy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галышев</surname><given-names>Юрий Виталиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor of the Higher School of Power Engineering, Institute of Energy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, профессор Высшей школы энергетического машиностроения Института энергетики</p></bio><email>galyshev57@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2815-7231</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Xinyao</surname><given-names>Luo</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синьяо</surname><given-names>Ло</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate of the Higher School of Power Engineering, Institute of Energy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант Высшей школы энергетического машиностроения Института энергетики</p></bio><email>losinyao181031@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9898-4279</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3068-4970</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abyzov</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абызов</surname><given-names>Олег Витальевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor of the Higher School of Power Engineering, Institute of Energy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент Высшей школы энергетического машиностроения Института энергетики</p></bio><email>oleg.abyzov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7443-1909</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8443-3030</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitsev</surname><given-names>Alexey B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцев</surname><given-names>Алексей  Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor of the Higher School of Power Engineering, Institute of Energy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент Высшей школы энергетического машиностроения Института энергетики</p></bio><email>abzaytsev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>91</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>748</fpage><lpage>759</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-08-17"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-30"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-02-21"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/635228">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/635228</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Ammonia, as a carbon-free fuel, has attracted much attention from researchers in many countries and is considered as one of the promising alternative fuels that ensures reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the fact that the properties of ammonia have been widely studied, the practical application of this type of fuel remains difficult. Additional research is needed to overcome problems, including low combustion rate, high emissions of nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia. To stimulate the combustion process in the cylinder, it is possible to use hydrogen additive as a combustion activator of the ammonia-air mixture. This paper is aimed at a computational study of the effect of replacing diesel fuel with ammonia on the characteristics and harmful emissions of an in-ternal combustion engine.</p> <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Computational study of the working process and harmful emissions from exhaust gases of an automotive and tractor gas-diesel engine when operating on ammonia with the addition of hydrogen.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The object of the study was the modern YaMZ-53415 automotive and tractor diesel engine. The calculations were carried out for the nominal operating mode of the engine. For three-dimensional modeling of the working process of a gas-diesel engine running on ammonia with the addition of hydrogen, the Ansys Forte software package was used, which was developed based on modern theoretical concepts of the physics of three-dimensional gas and liquid flows, fuel spray dynamics and combustion processes.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold><italic> </italic>Calculation of the working process of a gas-diesel engine running on ammonia with various ignition doses of diesel fuel showed that when the dose of diesel fuel is reduced from 100% to 5%, the engine power and efficiency are maintained, the maximum pressure in the cylinder is reduced by 26%, nitrogen oxide emissions and the amount of unburned ammonia increase. Calculation of the working process of a gas-diesel engine running on ammonia with hydrogen additive helped to determine the minimum hydrogen additive that ensures complete combustion of ammonia.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold><italic> </italic>Running a gas-diesel engine on ammonia results in a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, more than an order of magnitude, i.e. ammonia can become an alternative to hydrocarbon fuel to achieve carbon neutrality.</p> <p>The use of a small hydrogen additive — 0.4% helps to significantly increase the combustion rate of the ammonia-air mixture and ensures almost complete combustion of ammonia.</p> <p>Nitrogen oxide emissions when replacing diesel fuel with ammonia increase more than twice. To reduce them, it is necessary to use known methods — exhaust gas recirculation, a SCR-neutralizer.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Аммиак, как безуглеродное топливо, привлекает большое внимание исследователей разных стран и считается одним из перспективных альтернативных топлив, обеспечивающих сокращение выбросов парниковых газов. Несмотря на то, что свойства аммиака широко изучены, практическое применение этого вида топлива остаётся затруднительным. Необходимы дополнительные исследования для преодоления проблем, включая низкую скорость горения, высокий выброс оксидов азота и несгоревшего аммиака. Для стимулирования процесса сгорания в цилиндре в качестве активатора горения аммиачно-воздушной смеси возможно использовать добавку водорода. Данная статья направлена на расчётное исследование влияния замещения дизельного топлива аммиаком на характеристики и вредные выбросы двигателя внутреннего сгорания.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы</bold> — расчётное исследование рабочего процесса и вредных выбросов с отработавшими газами автотракторного газодизеля при работе на аммиаке с добавкой водорода.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> В качестве объекта исследования выбран современный автотракторный дизельный двигатель ЯМЗ-53415. Расчёты проводились для номинального режима работы двигателя.</p> <p>Для трёхмерного моделирования рабочего процесса газодизельного двигателя, работающего на аммиаке с добавкой водорода, использовался программный комплекс Ansys Forte, который разработан на основе современных теоретических представлений о физике трёхмерных потоков газа и жидкости, динамике распыления топлива и процессах сгорания.</p> <p><bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Расчет рабочего процесса газодизеля, работающего на аммиаке с различной запальной дозой дизельного топлива, показал, что при уменьшении дозы дизельного топлива со 100% до 5% сохраняется мощность и кпд двигателя, максимальное давление в цилиндре снижается на 26%, выбросы оксидов азота и количество несгоревшего аммиака увеличиваются. Расчет рабочего процесса газодизеля, работающего на аммиаке с добавкой водорода, позволил определить минимальную добавку водорода, обеспечивающую полное сгорание аммиака.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Работа газодизеля на аммиаке приводит к значительному снижению выбросов углекислого газа, более чем на порядок, т. е. аммиак может стать альтернативой углеводородному топливу для достижения углеродной нейтральности.</p> <p>Применение небольшой добавки водорода — 0,4% позволяет значительно увеличить скорость сгорания аммиачно-воздушной смеси и обеспечивает практически полное сгорание аммиака.</p> <p>Выбросы оксидов азота при замещении дизельного топлива аммиаком увеличиваются более чем в два раза. Для их снижения необходимо использовать известные способы — рециркуляцию отработавших газов, SCR-нейтрализатор.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gas-diesel engine</kwd><kwd>ammonia</kwd><kwd>hydrogen</kwd><kwd>working process</kwd><kwd>emissions</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>газодизель</kwd><kwd>аммиак</kwd><kwd>водород</kwd><kwd>рабочий процесс</kwd><kwd>вредные выбросы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Fadhil Y Al-Aboosi, Mahmoud M El-Halwagi, Margaux Moore, et al. Renewable ammonia as an alternative fuel for the shipping industry. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. 2021;31. doi: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100670</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Nadimi E, Przybyła G, Lewandowski M T, et al. Effects of ammonia on combustion, emissions, and performance of the ammonia/diesel dual-fuel compression ignition engine. 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