<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тракторы и сельхозмашины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0321-4443</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-425X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">637129</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/0321-4443-637129</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HBLKKL</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>New machines and equipment</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Новые машины и оборудование</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Temporal similarity of the mechanization level and crop yield in Eritrea</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ временного соответствия между уровнем механизации и урожайностью в Эритрее</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4371-1323</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9344-9472</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Medhn</surname><given-names>Tesfit A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медхн</surname><given-names>Тесфит Асрат</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="ER">Eritrea</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate in the Operation of Machinery and Tractor Fleet Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры эксплуатации машинно-тракторного парка</p></bio><email>noahtesas@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8010-4448</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1428-5710</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Levshin</surname><given-names>Alexander G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левшин</surname><given-names>Александр Григорьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sc. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>alevshin@rgau-msha.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3336-0523</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Teklay</surname><given-names>Simon G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Теклай</surname><given-names>Саймон Гебрехивет</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="ER">Eritrea</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M. Sc., Graduate Research Assistant, Water Science and Management Program; Department of Animal and Range Sciences; College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник магистратуры (кандидат в магистратуру) программы водных наук и управления; кафедра животноводства и пастбищных наук; колледж сельского хозяйства, потребительских и экологических наук</p></bio><email>gtsimon1994@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mai-Nefhi College of Engineering and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Mai-Nefhi College of Engineering and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian State Agrarian University — Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский государственный аграрный университет – МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff3"><institution>Addey Agricultural and Food Cooperative</institution></aff><aff id="aff4"><institution>Mai-Nefhi College of Engineering and Technology</institution></aff><aff id="aff5"><institution>New Mexico State University</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-05-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>92</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>131</fpage><lpage>140</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-16"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-20"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-06-21"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/637129">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/637129</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold><italic> </italic>The dynamics of agricultural production have gradually moved toward mechanization and maximizing efficiency. Understanding the relationship between mechanization and crop yield is crucial to improve productivity.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold><italic>:</italic> This study assesses the temporal pattern similarity between crop yield and the level of mechanization (LOM) and examines how LOM influences crop productivity over time.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS</bold><italic>:</italic> The study used ordinary least squares (OLS) regression with interaction terms for trend analysis and dynamic time warping (DTW) for pattern similarity. Descriptive statistics (standard deviation, mean, minimum, and maximum) and error metrics (MAE and RMSE) were used to assess the DTW distance performance between sequences.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold><italic>:</italic> The OLS analysis showed almost parallel trend lines (slopes 0.038% and 0.053%). The DTW analysis showed significant temporal alignment, with a 44.4% perfect match and a similarity score of 34 (34 optimal paths across 28 dataset pairs). Performance evaluation metrics—standard deviation, mean, minimum, and maximum—were 7.56 × 10<sup>−3</sup>, 1.08 × 10<sup>−2</sup>, 1.42 × 10<sup>−5</sup>, and 3.22 × 10<sup>−2</sup>, respectively. MAE and RMSE values were 6.33 × 10<sup>−3</sup> and 7.56 × 10<sup>−3</sup>, respectively. Based on these values, average similarity, consistency, alignment quality, and error metrics were used to assess the level of similarity. These values indicate high similarity and consistency (based on the low mean DTW distances, standard deviation, and error metrics), despite occasional poor alignment.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold><italic>: </italic>The temporal similarity between LOM and crop yield showed that variations in LOM significantly impacted cereal crop yields. Agricultural productivity could benefit from mechanization through the use of contemporary technologies, improved supportive policies, and the integration of sustainable practices.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Динамика сельскохозяйственного производства направлена на прогрессивное повышение уровня механизации и максимизацию эффективности. Понимание взаимосвязи между механизацией и урожайностью сельскохозяйственных культур имеет важное значение для повышения производительности.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы</bold> — оценка временного сходства между урожайностью сельскохозяйственных культур и уровнем механизации (УМ-LOM). Особое внимание уделено влиянию УМ на урожайность сельскохозяйственных культур с течением времени.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> В исследовании использовалась метод наименьших квадратов (МНК) с эффектом взаимодействия для анализа тренда и динамической трансформации временной шкалы (DTW), для анализа сходства паттернов. Для оценки эффективности определения DTW-расстояния между последовательностями использовались описательная статистика — стандартное отклонение, среднее, минимальное и максимальное значения — наряду с показателями ошибок, в частности, абсолютной средней ошибки (MAE) и среднеквадратичной ошибки (RMSE).</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Анализ МНК выявил почти параллельные наклоны линий тренда (наклоны 0,038 и 0,053 процента). Анализ DTW показал значительное временное выравнивание, с 44,4% идеального совпадения и оценкой сходства 34 (34 оптимальных пути в 28 парах наборов данных). Соответствующие значения метрик оценки производительности — стандартное отклонение, среднее, минимум и максимум были рассчитаны как 7,56x10⁻³, 1,08x10⁻², 1,42x10⁻⁵ и 3,22x10⁻²; значения MAE и RMSE были вычислены как 6,33x10⁻³ и 7,56x10⁻³ соответственно. На основе этих значений были использованы среднее сходство, согласованность, качество трансформации и ошибки для оценки уровня сходства. Наборы данных продемонстрировали высокий уровень сходства и согласованного выравнивания (на основе низких средних DTW-расстояний, стандартного отклонения и ошибок), несмотря на некоторые случаи плохой трансформации.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Временное сходство в УМ и урожайности показало, что урожайность зерновых культур значительно зависит от колебаний в УМ. Сельскохозяйственная продуктивность может выиграть от механизации за счёт внедрения современных технологий, улучшения поддерживающих политик и интеграции устойчивых практик.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>data alignment</kwd><kwd>dynamic time warping</kwd><kwd>ordinary least square</kwd><kwd>optimal path</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>выравнивание данных</kwd><kwd>динамическая трансформация временной шкалы</kwd><kwd>метод наименьших квадратов</kwd><kwd>оптимальный путь</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Srivastava A, Goering C, Rohrbach R, Buckmaster D. Engineering principles of agricultural machines. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers; 2006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Andrew W. Handbook of farm, dairy and food machinery engineering. New York: Elsevier; 2013.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Medhn TA, Teklay SG, Mengstu MT. Analysis of the Level of Agricultural Mechanization in Eritrea Based on USDA Data Sources. European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences. 2023;5(6):39–46. doi: 10.24018/ejfood.2023.5.6.664</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Abdullatif AAD, Mastrenko NA, Balabanov VI. The results of optimization of the harvesting complex for cleaning are given in the conditions of the Syrian Arab Republic. Agricultural Engineering. 2018;(1 (83)):48–51. doi: 10.26897/1728-7936-2018-1-48-51 EDN: YPMTST</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Maistrenko NA, Uvarov VP, Levshin AG, et al. Unification of calculations of productivity of transport and transport and technological equipment. Engineering technologies and systems. 2020;30(4):637–58. doi: 10.15507/2658-4123.030.202004.637-658</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Sysoev AM, Erokhin MN, Izmailov AYu, et al. Proposals for Amendments to the Federal Register of Crop Production Technologies (System of Technologies) Taking into Account the Functional Capabilities of the Family of New Agricultural Trucks. Moscow: Vserossiyskiy nauchno-issledovatelskiy institut mekhanizatsii selskogo khozyaystva; 2011.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Bello SR. Agricultural Machinery &amp; Mechanization: Basic Concepts. DPS Dominion publishing services Nigeria; 2012.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Hanayem A, Almohamed S, Alassaf A, Majdalawi M. Socioeconomic Analysis of Soil-Less Farming System — An Comparative Evidence from Jordan, The Middle East. Int J Food Agric Econ. 2022;10: 205–23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Eritrea Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank [Internet]. [cited 2023 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eritrea/overview</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Amongo RMC, Onal MKS, Larona MVL, et al. Level of Agricultural Mechanization in Oriental Mindoro, Laguna and Quezon, Philippines Using the Modified Agricultural Mechanization Index for Lowland Rice. Philippine Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering. 2018; XIV:55–71.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Kiru OK. The agricultural mechanization in Africa: micro-level analysis of state, drivers and effects. In: 6th African Conference of Agricultural Economists. Abuja: Research in agricultural &amp; applied economics; 2019. p. 1–30.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Li W, Wei X, Zhu R, Guo K. Study on factors affecting the agricultural mechanization level in China based on structural equation modeling. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2019;11(1).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Sharma V, Irmak A, Kabenge I, Irmak S. Application of GIS and geographically weighted regression to evaluate the spatial non-stationarity relationships between precipitation vs. Irrigated and rainfed maize and soybean yields. Trans ASABE. 2011;54(3):953–72.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Larrabee B, Scott HM, Bello NM. Ordinary Least Squares Regression of Ordered Categorical Data: Inferential Implications for Practice. 2014. doi: 10.1007/s13253-014-0176-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>John K. M. Kuwornu. Irrigation access and per capita consumption expenditure in farm households: Evidence from Ghana. J Dev Agric Econ. 2012;4(3). doi: 10.5897/JDAE11.105</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Ma W, Renwick A, Grafton Q. Farm machinery use, off-farm employment and farm performance in China. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 2018;62(2):279–98. doi: 10.1111/1467-8489.12249</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Tsinaslanidis PE. Subsequence dynamic time warping for charting: Bullish and bearish class predictions for NYSE stocks. Expert Syst Appl. 2018;94:193–204. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2017.10.055</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Vayer T, Tavenard R, Chapel L, et al. Time Series Alignment with Global Invariances. arXiv. 2020. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2002.03848</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Sakoe H. Dynamic Programming Algorithm Optimization for Spoken Word Recognition. IEEE Trans Acoust. 1978;(1):43.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Cohen S, Luise G, Terenin A, et al. Aligning Time Series on Incomparable Spaces. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS) 2021, San Diego, California, USA. PMLR; 2021;130.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Halperin T, Ephrat A, Peleg S. Dynamic Temporal Alignment of Speech to Lips. 2018.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Shokoohi Y. M, Hu B, Jin H, et al. Generalizing DTW to the multi-dimensional case requires an adaptive approach. Data Min Knowl Discov. 2017;31(1):1–31. doi: 10.1007/S10618-016-0455-0/FIGURES/20</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Kovâcs-Vajna ZM. A fingerprint verification system based on triangular matching and dynamic time warping. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell. 2000;22(11):1266. doi: 10.1109/34.888711</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Ruiz AP, Flynn M, Large J, et al. The great multivariate time series classification bake off: a review and experimental evaluation of recent algorithmic advances. Data Min Knowl Discov. 2021 Mar 1;35(2):401–49. doi: 10.1007/s10618-020-00727-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Cassisi C, Montalto P, Aliotta M, et al. Similarity Measures and Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Time Series Data Mining. In: Advances in Data Mining Knowledge Discovery and Applications.InTech; 2012.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Maus V, Câmara G, Cartaxo R, et al. A Time-Weighted Dynamic Time Warping method for land use and land cover mapping. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 2016;9(8):3729–3739. doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2517118</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Belgiu M, Zhou Y, Marshall M, Stein A. Dynamic time warping for crops mapping. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences — ISPRS Archives. 2020;43(B3):947–51. doi: 10.5194/ISPRS-ARCHIVES-XLIII-B3-2020-947-2020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Mohamedi DM. Assessing the transferability of random forest and time-weighted dynamic time warping for agriculture mapping. 2019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Rafif R, Kusuma SS, Saringatin S, et al. Crop intensity mapping using dynamic time warping and machine learning from multi-temporal planetscope data. Land (Basel). 2021;10(12).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>USDA ERS — International Agricultural Productivity [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Mar 6]. Available from: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/international-agricultural-productivity</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Sebastian R. About Feature Scaling and Normalization [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Sep 26]. Available from: https://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2014_about_feature_scaling.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Keane M, Neal T. Climate change and U.S. agriculture: Accounting for multidimensional slope heterogeneity in panel data. Quant Econom [Internet]. 2020;11(4):1391–429. [cited 2024 Jun 25] Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3982/QE1319</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Miao X, Zhao D, Lin B, et al. A Differential Protection Scheme Based on Improved DTW Algorithm for Distribution Networks with Highly-Penetrated Distributed Generation. IEEE Access. 2023; 11:40399–411. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3269298</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
