<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тракторы и сельхозмашины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0321-4443</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-425X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">642598</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/0321-4443-642598</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theory, designing, testing</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теория, конструирование, испытания</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">A mathematical model of the motion of an unmanned tractor with front steerable wheels during the ‘single lane change’ maneuver</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Математическая модель движения беспилотного трактора с передними управляемыми колёсами при выполнении манёвра «переставка»</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2627-8110</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5918-3684</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sukharev</surname><given-names>Roman Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сухарев</surname><given-names>Роман Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Head of the Automation and Power Engineering Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой «Автоматизация и энергетическое машиностроение»</p></bio><email>suharev_ry@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3503-131X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6772-8710</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Letopolsky</surname><given-names>Anton B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Летопольский</surname><given-names>Антон Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Head of the Construction, Lifting, Transport and Oil &amp; Gas Machinery Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой «Строительная, подъёмно-транспортная и нефтегазовая техника»</p></bio><email>antoooon-85@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4980-8962</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9401-3110</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sachuk</surname><given-names>Alexey Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сачук</surname><given-names>Алексей Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Construction, Lifting, Transport and Oil &amp; Gas Machinery Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент, доцент кафедры «Строительная, подъёмно-транспортная и нефтегазовая техника»</p></bio><email>a.u.sachuk@gmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State Automobile and Highway University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сибирский государственный автомобильно-дорожный университет (СибАДИ)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State Automobile and Highway UniversityОмск</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сибирский государственный автомобильно-дорожный университет (СибАДИ)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State Automobile and Highway University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сибирский государственный автомобильно-дорожный университет (СибАДИ)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>91</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>770</fpage><lpage>778</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-06"><day>06</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-26"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-02-21"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/642598">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/642598</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The motion of an unmanned tractor can be represented in the form of elementary primitives, one of which is the ‘single lane change’ maneuver. Taking into account the kinematic limitations of a wheeled mover with front steerable wheels, it is necessary to calculate in advance the coordinates of the beginning of the maneuver depending on the magnitude of the displacement and the motion velocity for accurate and effective planning of the motion path.</p> <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold><italic> </italic>Development of a mathematical model of the motion of an unmanned wheeled tractor with front steerable wheels when performing the ‘single lane change’ maneuver, obtaining analytical dependences of the length of the maneuver and the time of the control signal from the motion velocity and the required displacement value.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> To achieve this aim, the mathematical model of the kinematics of the curvilinear motion of a wheeled tractor with front steerable wheels was developed. The description of the maneuver and possible motion paths are given.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold><italic> </italic>During the theoretical study, the dependences of the time of the control signal and the length of the maneuver were obtained, depending on the required amount of displacement when the tractor is moving at various velocities. The approximation of the obtained data made it possible to obtain analytical dependencies.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The obtained dependencies can be used to control unmanned tractors with front steerable wheels at various displacement values and when moving at various velocities to perform the ‘single lane change’ maneuver clearly at specified waypoints.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Движение беспилотного трактора можно представить в виде элементарных примитивов, одним из которых является манёвр «переставка». Учитывая кинематические ограничения колёсного движителя с передними управляемыми колёсами, необходимо заранее вычислять координаты начала манёвра в зависимости от величины смещения и скорости движения для точного и эффективного планирования траектории движения.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы</bold> — разработка математической модели движения беспилотного колёсного трактора с передними управляемыми колёсами при выполнении манёвра «переставка», получение аналитических зависимостей длины манёвра и времени подачи управляющего сигнала от скорости движения и требуемой величины смещения.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Для достижения поставленной цели была разработана математическая модель кинематики криволинейного движения колёсного трактора с передними поворотными колёсами. Приведено описание манёвра, возможные траектории движения.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В ходе теоретических исследований получены зависимости времени подачи управляющего сигнала и длины манёвра от необходимой величины смещения при движении трактора с различными скоростями. Аппроксимация полученных данных позволила получить аналитические зависимости.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные зависимости могут быть использованы для управления беспилотными тракторами с передними управляемыми колёсами при различной величине смещения и при движении с различной скоростью для выполнения манёвра «переставка» чётко в заданных путевых точках.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tractor</kwd><kwd>unmanned</kwd><kwd>control</kwd><kwd>single lane change</kwd><kwd>maneuver</kwd><kwd>mathematical model</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трактор</kwd><kwd>беспилотный</kwd><kwd>управление</kwd><kwd>переставка</kwd><kwd>манёвр</kwd><kwd>математическая модель</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lin P, Javanmardi E, Tsukada M. Clothoid Curve-Based Emergency-Stopping Path Planning With Adaptive Potential Field for Autonomous Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2024;73(7):9747-9762. doi: 10.1109/TVT.2024.3380745</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Shaju A, Southward S, Ahmadian M. Enhancing Autonomous Vehicle Navigation with a Clothoid-Based Lateral Controller. Applied Sciences. 2024;14(5). doi: 10.3390/app14051817</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Kim DJ, Chung CC. Automated Perpendicular Parking System With Approximated Clothoid-Based Local Path Planning. IEEE Control Systems Letters. 2021;5(6):1940–1945. doi: 10.1109/LCSYS.2020.3044254</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Theodore Tuttle, Jay Wilhelm. Minimal length multi-segment clothoid return paths for vehicles with turn rate constraints. Frontiers in Aerospace Engineering. 2022;1. doi: 10.3389/fpace.2022.982808</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Lima PF, Trincavelli M, Mårtensson J, et al. Clothoid-based model predictive control for autonomous driving. In: 2015 European Control Conference (ECC), Linz, Austria. 2015:2983–2990. doi: 10.1109/ECC.2015.7330991</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Li J., Lou J., Li Y., et al. Trajectory Tracking of Autonomous Vehicle Using Clothoid Curve. Appl. Sci. 2023;13. doi: 10.3390/app13042733</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Sukharev RYu. Mathematical models of the processes of turning wheeled road-building machines. Scientific and technical bulletin of the Bryansk State University. 2021;3:259–269. (In Russ.) doi: 10.22281/2413-9920-2021-07-03-259-269</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Sukharev RYu. Trajectory plotting algorithm for a self-driving road grader. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2021;2096. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2096/1/012181</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Sukharev RYu, Semkin DS, Ignatov SD. The system of autonomous control of a road-building machine. Scientific and technical bulletin of the Bryansk State University. 2024;1:55–64. (In Russ.) doi: 10.22281/2413-9920-2024-10-01-55-64</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Shcherbakov VS, Portnova AA, Sukharev RYu. Improvement of the steering control of a grader with an articulated frame. Omsk: SibADI; 2016. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Shcherbakov VS, Sukharev RYu, Korytov MS. Development of the theory of optimal control of road and construction machinery based on satellite navigation systems. Omsk: SibADI; 2017. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Luo D, Huang X, Huang Y, et al. Optimal Trajectory Planning for Wheeled Robots (OTPWR): A Globally and Dynamically Optimal Trajectory Planning Method for Wheeled Mobile Robots. Machines. 2024;12. doi: 10.3390/machines12100668</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Zhan J., Li W., Wang J., Xiong S., et al. Research on Trajectory Planning and Tracking Algorithm of Crawler Paver. Machines. 2024;12. doi: 10.3390/machines12090650</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Li Y, Li G, Wang X. Research on Trajectory Planning of Autonomous Vehicles in Constrained Spaces. Sensors. 2024;24. doi: 10.3390/s24175746</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
