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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Farmaciya (Pharmacy)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Farmaciya (Pharmacy)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фармация</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0367-3014</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-9218</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">702800</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29296/25419218-2026-01-02</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ryeuwl</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacognosy</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Фармацевтическая химия и фармакогнозия</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Study of mycotoxin contamination of licorice roots</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изучение контаминации микотоксинами корней солодки</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8962-9133</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4190-4003</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>Ulyana Valeryevna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>Ульяна Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student at the Department of Pharmacognosy, Research Assistant, Laboratory of Food Enzymology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры фармакогнозии, лаборант-исследователь лаборатории энзимологии питания</p></bio><email>ivanova.uliana@spcpu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3735-2291</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2844-7091</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gravel</surname><given-names>Irina Valeryevna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гравель</surname><given-names>Ирина Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor of the Pharmaceutical Natural Sciences Department, Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор фармацевтических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры фармацевтического естествознания</p></bio><email>gravel_i_v@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9371-8163</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7689-9573</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chalyy</surname><given-names>Zakhar Andreevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чалый</surname><given-names>Захар Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Food Enzymology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории энзимологии питания</p></bio><email>tokka66@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6011-4515</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6431-9816</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sedova</surname><given-names>Irina Borisovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Седова</surname><given-names>Ирина Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Food Enzymology, Candidate of Biological Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник лаборатории энзимологии питания, кандидат биологических наук</p></bio><email>isedova@ion.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4164-8992</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5789-3980</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tutelyan</surname><given-names>Viktor Alexandrovich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тутельян</surname><given-names>Виктор Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Food Enzymology, Scientific Director, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующий лабораторией энзимологии питания, научный руководитель, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>tutelyan@ion.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «ФИЦ питания и биотехнологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First MSMU of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый МГМУ им. И. М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>75</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-16"><day>16</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-16"><day>16</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2031-02-16"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0367-3014/article/view/702800">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0367-3014/article/view/702800</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Herbal raw materials (HRM) are widely used in medicine. Licorice roots, which are included in many pharmaceutical products, are susceptible to mycotoxin contamination due to the hygroscopicity of their polysaccharides, which creates favourable conditions for the growth of fungi. This leads to decreased quality and safety of the raw materials as a result of the accumulation of mycotoxins (MTs) – toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic metabolites of mould fungi. In the Russian Federation, maximum permissible levels of MTs in HRM have not been established.</p> <p><bold>Objective: </bold>the aim of the study is to investigate the contamination of licorice roots with mycotoxins produced by fungi of the genera <italic>Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria </italic>and <italic>Fusarium</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Material and methods.</bold> Thirty samples of licorice roots from different regions of the Russian Federation, CIS and pharmacy network were investigated. The content of 23 MTs was detected by HPLC-MS/MS: aflatoxins (AFL) B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, G<sub>1</sub>, G<sub>2</sub>; ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins B<sub>1</sub> and B<sub>2</sub>, toxins T-2, HT-2 and T-2 triol, zearalenone, diacetoxysсirpenol (DAS), neosolaniol (NEOS); deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives (3- and 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3- and 15-acDON)), citrinin, sterigmatocystin (STC), mycophenolic acid, tentoxin (TE), alternariol, its monomethyl ether and altenuene.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>AFL B<sub>1</sub> and OTA were detected in 50% of samples, and in 27% of cases the content of AFL B<sub>1</sub> exceeded the permissible level of 2 µg/kg established by the European Pharmacopoeia, reaching 6.0 µg /kg. MTs of fungi of the genera <italic>Alternaria</italic> (TE), <italic>Penicillium</italic> (OTA), <italic>Aspergillus</italic> (AFL B<sub>1</sub> and STC) and <italic>Fusarium</italic> (T-2, T-2 triol, NEOS, DON, 3- and 15-acDON and DAS) were detected. The highest contamination was detected in pharmacy samples (61.5% for AFL and OTA; 84.6% for MT fungi of the genera <italic>Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria</italic> and <italic>Fusarium</italic>). More than 46% of samples contained two or more MTs, indicating complex contamination.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>A significant contamination of licorice roots with mycotoxins has been revealed, which necessitates the introduction of standards for their content in medicinal plant raw materials in the Russian Federation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Лекарственное растительное сырье (ЛРС) широко применяется в медицине. Корни солодки, входящие в состав многих лекарственных препаратов, подвержены микотоксикологическому загрязнению из-за гигроскопичности полисахаридов, создающих условия для роста грибов. Это снижает качество и безопасность сырья вследствие накопления микотоксинов (МТ) – токсичных, канцерогенных и мутагенных метаболитов плесневых грибов. В РФ предельно допустимые уровни МТ в ЛРС не установлены.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> исследования. Изучение контаминации корней солодки микотоксинами грибов родов <italic>Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria</italic> и <italic>Fusarium</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы. </bold>Проанализированы 30 образцов корней солодки из различных регионов РФ, стран СНГ и аптечной сети. Содержание 23 МТ определяли методом ВЭЖХ-МС/МС: афлатоксины (АФЛ) B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, G<sub>1</sub>, G<sub>2</sub>; охратоксин А (OTA), фумонизины (ФУМ) B<sub>1</sub> и B<sub>2</sub>, токсины T-2, HT-2 и Т-2 триол, зеараленон, диацетоксискирпенол (ДАС), неосоланиол (НЕОС), дезоксиниваленол (ДОН) и его производные – 3- и 15-ацетилдезоксиниваленол (3- и 15-ацДОН), цитринин, стеригматоцистин (СТЦ), микофеноловая кислота, тентоксин (ТЕ), альтернариол, его метиловый эфир и альтенуен.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>В 50% проб обнаружены АФЛ В<sub>1</sub> и ОТА, в 27% случаев содержание АФЛ В<sub>1</sub> превышало допустимый уровень – 2 мкг/кг, установленный Европейской фармакопеей; максимальный уровень достигал 6,0 мкг/кг. Выявлены МТ грибов рода <italic>Alternaria</italic> (ТЕ), <italic>Penicillium</italic> (ОТА), <italic>Aspergillus</italic> (АФЛ В<sub>1</sub> и СТЦ) и <italic>Fusarium</italic> (Т-2, Т-2 триол, НЕОС, ДОН, 3- и 15-ацДОН и ДАС). Наибольшая контаминация отмечена в образцах сырья из аптечной сети (61,5% для АФЛ и ОТА; 84,6% для МТ грибов родов <italic>Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria</italic> и <italic>Fusarium</italic>). Более 46% проб содержали два и более МТ, что свидетельствует о комплексном загрязнении.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Выявлена значительная контаминация корней солодки микотоксинами, что обуславливает необходимость введения нормативов их содержания в лекарственном растительном сырье в Российской Федерации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mycotoxins</kwd><kwd>aflatoxins</kwd><kwd>ochratoxin A</kwd><kwd>licorice roots</kwd><kwd>contamination</kwd><kwd>safety of medicinal plant raw materials</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микотоксины</kwd><kwd>афлатоксины</kwd><kwd>охратоксин А</kwd><kwd>корни солодки</kwd><kwd>контаминация</kwd><kwd>безопасность лекарственного растительного сырья</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out using funds from a subsidy from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (for the implementation of state assignment No. FGMF-2025-0001)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет средств субсидии Минобрнауки России (на выполнение государственного задания №FGMF-2025-0001)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Menditto E., Orlando V., De Rosa G., Minghetti P., Musazzi U.M., Cahir C., Kurczewska-Michalak M., Kardas P., Costa E., Sousa Lobo J.M., Almeida I.F. 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