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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Voprosy Jazykoznanija</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Voprosy Jazykoznanija</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы языкознания</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0373-658X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5243</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">683513</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/0373-658X.2025.3.7-29</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Towards a typology of echo questions</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>К типологии эхо-вопросов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Simonova</surname><given-names>Tatyana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симонова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Владиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>62tatyana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">HSE University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>29</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-09"><day>09</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0373-658X/article/view/683513">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0373-658X/article/view/683513</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Over the past half century, the analysis of questions has played an important role in the development of the syntactic theory. Despite this, echo questions have been given quite little attention, and most studies on echo questions focused on data from a single language. In this paper, I review strategies of forming echo questions of different types in 32 languages from five macroareas. For this purpose, I used a series of descriptive grammars based on <italic>Lingua Descriptive Studies Questionnaire</italic> designed by Comrie and Smith (1977). I consider an echo question an instance of reported speech but with interrogative illocutionary force and define a derivation strategy as a set of features by which the echo question differs from the stimulus sentence. Each strategy is a combination of the following parameters: 1) the marking of the sentence part that signals quotation (M-part); 2) the marking of an interrogative semantic component; 3) the presence or absence of the pronominal deictic shift. An M-part can be a clause, while the part with the reported content (R-part) can be formally dependent or independent from it. An M-part can also be an affix, clitic, particle or remain unexpressed. An interrogative semantic component is usually expressed by intonation, an interrogative affix, clitic, particle, or pronoun. Among the languages of my sample, the most frequent strategies of forming echo questions are those in which the M-part is not expressed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>За последние полвека важную роль в развитии синтаксической теории сыграли работы, посвященные анализу вопросов, однако исследованию эхо-вопросов уделялось довольно мало внимания. В данной статье я проанализировалa материал 32 языков из пяти макроареалов и описала стратегии, которые могут использоваться в этих языках для образования эхо-вопросов разных типов. Данные были взяты из серии описательных грамматик, в основе которых лежит анкета для описательных лингвистических исследований, разработанная Б. Комри и Н. Смитом (1977). Я рассматриваю эхо-вопрос как конструкцию передачи чужой речи, но с вопросительной иллокутивной силой и считаю стратегией образования эхо-вопроса набор свойств, которые отличают его от предложения-стимула. Каждая из стратегий представляет собой комбинацию трех параметров: 1) способ маркирования той части предложения, которая вводит цитату (М-часть); 2) способ маркирования вопросительной составляющей эхо-вопроса; 3) наличие или отсутствие мены дейктических местоимений. М-часть может быть отдельной клаузой, при этом цитата (R-часть) может оформляться формально зависимой или не зависимой от М-части клаузой. М-часть также может выражаться аффиксом, клитикой, частицей или оставаться невыраженной. Вопросительная часть эхо-вопроса маркируется с помощью интонации или вопросительного элемента (аффикса, клитики или вопросительного слова). Среди языков моей выборки наиболее частотны те стратегии, в которых М-часть остается невыраженной.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cross-linguistic sample</kwd><kwd>echo questions</kwd><kwd>grammatical typology</kwd><kwd>interrogative constructions</kwd><kwd>speech acts</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вопросительные конструкции</kwd><kwd>грамматическая типология</kwd><kwd>речевые акты</kwd><kwd>типологическая выборка</kwd><kwd>эхо-вопросы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Asher 1989 — Asher R. E. Tamil. London: Routledge, 1989.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Asher, Kumari 2013 — Asher R. E., Kumari T. C. Malayalam. 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