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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Economics and Mathematical Methods</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Economics and Mathematical Methods</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экономика и математические методы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0424-7388</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-6177</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">653279</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0424738824040044</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Problems of national economy</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Народнохозяйственные проблемы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Zero coupon yield curve dynamics in the Russian sovereign bond market</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Динамика формы кривой бескупонной доходности российских государственных облигаций</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurochkin</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курочкин</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>skurochkin@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makushkin</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макушкин</surname><given-names>М. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mmakushkin@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">HSE University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИУ «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-11-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>60</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-03"><day>03</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0424-7388/article/view/653279">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0424-7388/article/view/653279</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Yield curve is a graphical representation of a relationship between interest rates and maturity. Shape of yield curve often attracts attention of analysts, because it represents market implied expectation of future interest rate path. However, the analysis of the yield curve shape often lacks theoretical foundation. It is based either on review of term spreads or on a simple visual investigation. In this article we formally define the shape of the yield curve in terms of function invariants. We use Nelson–Siegel model as a backbone for our classification and show that there exists only six possible shapes of yield curve. They are: a normal upward slopping yield curve, inverted yield curve, humped upward slopping, dipped upward slopping, humped inverted and dipped inverted. We analyze dynamics of zero coupon yield curve in Russian market based on real historical data. We show that transition from an upward slopping curve to an inverted one was always preceded by a hump at mid-tem maturities, while the transition back was always done through the dip. This highlights the importance of mid-term rates in reshapening the curve. We explain this behavior by short end of the curve being linked to the key rate and thus being more sticky. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, it provides a formal framework to analyze the shape of the yield curve. Second, it describes the patterns in dynamic of the ruble yield curve that can be useful for bond investors in the Russian market.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Кривая доходностей графически отображает зависимость процентной ставки от срочности. Форма кривой доходности постоянно привлекает внимание аналитиков, поскольку она косвенно отражает заложенные рынком ожидания относительно будущей траектории процентной ставки. При этом анализ формы кривой доходности обычно осуществляется эвристически — либо через спреды между ставками на различные сроки, либо визуально. В работе формализуется понятие формы кривой доходности в терминах топологических инвариантов дифференцируемых функций. С помощью модели Нельсона–Зигеля (в качестве базовой для кривой бескупонной доходности) показано, что возможно только шесть типов кривой доходностей — монотонно возрастающая, монотонно убывающая, возрастающая с горбом, возрастающая с ямой, инвертированная с горбом и инвертированная с ямой. На реальных данных о кривой бескупонной доходности Московской биржи анализируется динамика перехода рублевой кривой доходности из одного типа в другой. Показано, что переход из нормального возрастающего состояния кривой в инвертированное всегда происходит через горб, а обратный переход — через яму. Это указывает на важную роль среднесрочных ставок в трансформации кривой. Такое поведение связано с привязкой короткого конца кривой доходностей к ключевой ставке. Предложенная классификации формы кривой доходностей может быть полезна исследователям, ищущим инструментарий для формального анализа кривой доходности, а выводы о закономерностях в динамике кривой могут помочь инвесторам в государственные облигации при разработке стратегий.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>zero coupon yield curve</kwd><kwd>term structure of interest rates</kwd><kwd>Nelson–Siegel model</kwd><kwd>Morse function</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кривая бескупонной доходности</kwd><kwd>срочная структура процентных ставок</kwd><kwd>модель Нельсона–Зигеля</kwd><kwd>функции Морса</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Арнольд В. И. (1978). Дополнительные главы теории обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений. М.: Наука. [Arnold V. I. (1978). Additional chapters of the theory of ordinary differential equations. 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