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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Economics and Mathematical Methods</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Economics and Mathematical Methods</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экономика и математические методы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0424-7388</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-6177</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">653359</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S042473880023067-2</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of the influence of heterogeneous expectations of economic agents on the stability of general equilibrium models with an open economy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ влияния нерационального поведения экономических агентов на устойчивость моделей общего равновесия с открытой экономикой</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Serkov</surname><given-names>Leonid A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серков</surname><given-names>Леонид А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BV">Bouvet Island</country></address><bio><p>Старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>emm@cemi.rssi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2692-5656</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnykh</surname><given-names>Sergey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красных</surname><given-names>Сергей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio><p>Младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>emm@cemi.rssi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Perm National Research Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>59</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 59, NO1 (2023)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 59, №1 (2023)</issue-title><fpage>131</fpage><lpage>144</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-03"><day>03</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Ekonomika i matematicheskie metody</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Экономика и математические методы</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ekonomika i matematicheskie metody</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Экономика и математические методы</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0424-7388/article/view/653359">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0424-7388/article/view/653359</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The purpose of the publication is to study the influence of bounded rationality of agents on the ability of economic authorities to choose alternative policy rules that stabilize the dynamics of the relevant significant macroeconomic variables by simultaneously analyzing the entire range of model parameters. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that models with an open economy are analyzed, in which economic agents interact with the outside world. The article evaluates and compares behavioral neo-Keynesian models obtained with two alternative ways of introducing heterogeneous expectations. It is assumed that agents can be either short-sighted with a short-term forecast, or far-sighted forecasters. The difference does not matter when the agents have rational expectations, but it does matter when some of them form beliefs about the future according to some heuristics. Bayesian estimates based on the data of the Russian economy show that the behavioral model based on short-term forecasts is better in agreement with empirical data than the model based on long-term forecasts and even compared to the model with rational expectations of agents. Stability and stability analysis was carried out using a numerical procedure — Monte Carlo Filtration Mapping (MCF). This procedure generalizes and supplements the results obtained for a more limited set of parameters of low-dimensional models in which agents do not interact with the outside world. MCF-analysis shows that incorporating heterogeneous expectations reduces the stability and robustness of models. At the same time, a model based on predictors of long-term forecasting is less stable compared to models of short-term forecasting and with rational expectations of agents. An important result is a significant proportion of areas with unstable behavior of the studied models with heterogeneous expectations of agents, in which solutions are characterized by an explosive nature. With the help of Smirnov–Kolmogorov statistics, significant parameters were identified that determine the deterministic behavior of all analyzed models. An interesting result is: the response of the interest rate to changes in the output gap and changes in the real effective exchange rate does not affect the deterministic behavior of the models under study. All obtained results are confirmed by a posteriori Bayesian estimates for these parameters. The findings provide guidance to economists who study the processes of expectation formation with the help of microdata.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Целью публикации является исследование влияния ограниченной рациональности агентов на устойчивость модели при одновременном сканировании спектра модельных параметров, что позволяет выявлять и анализировать области устойчивости модели в многомерном пространстве. В статье анализируется модель с открытой экономикой, в которой экономические агенты взаимодействуют с внешним миром. Оцениваются и сравниваются поведенческие модели, полученные при двух способах введения нерациональных ожиданий. Научная новизна состоит в выявлении параметров, влияющих на определенное поведение модели, и анализе изменения областей устойчивости модели с гетерогенными ожиданиями, связанными с открытостью экономики, в частности, с воздействием реального и номинального эффективного обменного курса на экономику. Предполагается, что агенты могут быть либо недальновидными с краткосрочным прогнозом, либо дальновидными прогнозистами. Разница не имеет значения, когда агенты имеют рациональные ожидания, но имеет значение, когда часть из них формирует убеждения о будущем в соответствии с некоторыми эвристиками. Байесовские оценки на данных российской экономики показывают, что поведенческая модель, основанная на краткосрочных прогнозах, точнее соответствует эмпирическим данным, по сравнению с моделью, основанной на долгосрочных прогнозах и даже по сравнению с моделью с рациональными ожиданиями агентов. Анализ устойчивости и стабильности проведен с помощью численной процедуры — отображение фильтрации Монте-Карло (MCF). MCF-анализ показывает, что наличие ограниченной рациональности агентов снижает стабильность и устойчивость моделей. Модель, основанная на предикторах долгосрочного прогнозирования, менее стабильна по сравнению с моделями краткосрочного прогнозирования и с рациональными ожиданиями агентов. Важным результатом является существенная доля областей с нестабильным поведением исследуемых моделей с гетерогенными ожиданиями агентов, в которых решения характеризуются взрывным характером. Все полученные нами результаты подтверждаются апостериорными байесовскими оценками этих параметров.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>heterogeneous expectations</kwd><kwd>short-term and long-term predictors</kwd><kwd>Bayes method</kwd><kwd>Monte-Carlo filter-ing display</kwd><kwd>determinism</kwd><kwd>uncertainty</kwd><kwd>instability</kwd><kwd>Smirnov–Kolmogorov statistics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гетерогенные ожидания</kwd><kwd>краткосрочные и долгосрочные предикторы</kwd><kwd>метод Байеса</kwd><kwd>отображение фильтрации Монте-Карло</kwd><kwd>детерминированность</kwd><kwd>неопределенность</kwd><kwd>нестабильность</kwd><kwd>статистика Смирнова–Колмогорова</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>21-78-10134</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Малаховская О.А. 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