Vol 25, No 5-6 (2019)

The article discusses the normative documents in force in our country of the Ministry of Health that regulate the timing, order and age criteria for examining the mammary glands using x-ray mammography. A sufficient number of disagreements were revealed among the Orders, Letters, and Methodological and Clinical Recommendations that have not lost their legal force, which significantly complicate the daily work of clinicians and radiologists of mammography rooms. The lack of a unified approach to the standard of mammographic examination among the medical community inevitably leads to medical errors and increases the number of untimely diagnoses. In order to improve indicators of early diagnosis of breast cancer and minimize the amount of subsequent treatment, it is necessary to develop a single normative document that defines the algorithm for mammographic examination of the population.

One of the determinants of the birth rate trends is value system and attitudes of the population, especially young people. Increasingly building a successful career, achieving high social status and financial independence become the priorities of modern youth. The presence of children in this case could considered being a hindrance in achieving these goals. The emergence of the childfree phenomenon indicates the processes of changing the family-value orientations of the population. With the aim to analyze the attitude of the medical university students to the childfree phenomenon in dynamics, we conducted surveys among Sechenov University students in 2009 and 2019. A comparative analysis of the survey results allowed us to make conclusions about a decrease in the number of students with chronic diseases (54.0% and 63.9% respectively deny the presence of chronic diseases), a decrease in the number of students with bad habits (31.0% and 14.5% of students smoke, 16.0% and 9.2% drink alcohol, respectively), a decrease in the number of students with children from 20.0% to 2.3%, as well as an increase in the number of students who are not ready for independent childrearing from 59.0% to 76.2%. In addition, our findings show an increase in number of students aware about childfree phenomenon (from 36.0% to 84.8%) and a more loyal attitude towards it among students (3.0% in 2009 and 18.5% of students in 2019).

The article presents the data of our own observations of children born with extremely low and very low body weight. The leading pathological conditions in the digestive tract have been determined and the need for an early start of rehabilitation effects aimed at preventing and correcting these conditions has been substantiated. The paper highlights the difficulties in assessing the physical development of deeply premature babies. The necessity of improving the system of medical support for such children at all stages of nursing and the introduction into widespread practice of a personalized approach to rehabilitation is substantiated.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the relationship of semester performance with the level of self-assessment of the psychological characteristics of quality of life related to health and factors of socio-economic status in Russian and Chinese students of medical specialties in the neighboring territories of the Far East. The study was conducted from 01.12. 2017 to 05.15.2019 at the School of Bio-Medicine of the Far Eastern Federal University (SBM FEFU), Pacific National Medical University (TSMU) of the Russian Federation, medical faculties of Harbin and Mudanjiang Universities (PRC). It was attended by 316 Russian and 302 Chinese students (total - 618 people with equal gender representation), the average age is 21.6 years. The average response rate was 92.8%. Students who took part in the study completed the standardized questionnaire “Short form of self-assessment of the quality of life associated with the health of the MOS SF-36” (MOS SF - Medical Outcomes Study-Short Form). The study of mental status was carried out using scales of resilience (FS), social functioning (SF), emotional status (ES), psychological comfort (PC). The study of socio-economic status was carried out according to the Questionnaire Pozdeeva (2008) with the additions of the authors. As a result of the study, it was found that the level of self-esteem of the psychological component of the quality of life related to health among Russian and Chinese medical students is within the range of standard values; Russian medical students rate psychological comfort higher, while their Chinese peers rate their own social functioning and resilience. Students of both samples showed a high level of correlation of the psychological component of the quality of life associated with health and academic performance. In addition, in both samples, the level of performance correlates with assessments of the conditions of study and living, as well as with individual characteristics of psychological status.

Nonenzymatic glycosylation of lens proteins in diabetes mellitus is one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of cataract formation. According to the results of this study, aminoguanidine, which has anti-glycation activity, inhibits cataractogenesis in experimental diabetes. Laboratory animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus treated with aminoguanidine showed less clouding in the lenses, and the content of advanced glycation end products, in particular, carboxymethyllysine, in the lenses was found to be reduced compared to the same parameters in animals from the control diabetic group.

The aim of the review: to present literature data on the role of laboratory methods in the complex diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia. The main provisions. To search for scientific publications, we used the PubMed database, the RSCI, the Google Scholar search engine, as well as cited references. Articles relevant to the purpose of the review were selected for the period from 1999 to 2019 in the following terms: “acute mesenteric ischemia”, “pathogenesis”, “diagnosis”, “biomarkers”. Inclusion criteria were limited to acute arterial mesenteric ischemia. Acute mesenteric ischemia is an emergency condition caused by a sudden violation of the blood flow through the mesenteric vessels, which rapidly progresses to a heart attack of the intestinal wall and is accompanied by high mortality. Four main mechanisms of OMI are distinguished: embolism from the left parts of the heart or aorta, thrombosis of arteries or veins of the intestine, non-occlusive acute mesenteric ischemia (NOMI), due to vascular spasm. In this case, destructive disorders occur in the intestinal wall, starting from the mucous membrane to the serous, which leads to bacterial translocation and the development of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Early bowel revascularization is a key factor in reducing complications and mortality associated with it. However, in the initial stages of the disease has no specific signs, which complicate its diagnosis. The only way to detect mesenteric blood flow disorders is MSCT with angiography, and with non-occlusive lesions, mesenteric angiography, which in normal clinical practice is not always possible. Conclusion. It can be assumed that the use of laboratory methods will expand the range of diagnostic measures and will make it possible to conduct timely treatment aimed at restoring the mesenteric blood flow and improve the prognosis in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia.

The incidence of cerebral palsy is increasing. In 70% of cases, the disease develops as a result of exposure to known pathogenesis factors, such as hypoxia-ischemia, infectious, toxic, and traumatic damage to the fetus. In 30% of cases of the disease, the effect of pathogenetic factors is absent. This determines the relevance of the search for genetic anomalies responsible for the formation of this phenotype. Many genome disorders associated with the development of the cerebral palsy phenotype have been identified. Of particular interest is the indirect influence of genetic factors of pathogenesis, affecting the formation of the disease indirectly, through the mechanisms of formation of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Such factors affect almost all stages of the “ischemic cascade”: the formation of a “glutamate shock”, the realization of a “glutamate shock” by cytokines, the defect of the antioxidant defense of a neuron, the realization of the cytotoxic effect of nitric oxide (NO), and the stimulation of apoptosis of neurons and microglia. This makes it possible to identify genome variants that determine the tolerance of the child’s brain to hypoxic-ischemic damage. The combination of carriers of such anomalies into risk groups will make it possible to differentiate the tactics of their observation in the natal and postnatal periods in order to reduce the likelihood of the formation of severe hypoxic-ischemic lesions of the central nervous system and cerebral palsy. Today, a large amount of scientific data has been accumulated on the molecular genetic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of perinatal brain lesions. Such as epigenetic, transcriptome gene expression control mechanisms via micro-RNA. The available information allows us to experimentally develop new methods for protecting the fetal brain from hypoxia-ischemia and stopping the effects of hypoxia-ischemia in the neonatal period.