Ethno reviewEthno reviewЭтнографическое обозрение0869-54153034-6274The Russian Academy of Sciences67259710.31857/S0869541524010104YAVOMKResearch ArticlesСтатьи и материалыResearch ArticlePaternal care in contemporary society (a comparison of Russia and Belarus)Отцовская забота в современном обществе (сравнение России и Беларуси)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0015-243XSemenovaOlga V.СеменоваОльга Владимировна
Russian Federation

к. и. н., научный сотрудник

m4248296@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4777-0224BurkovaValentina N.БурковаВалентина Николаевна
Russian Federation

к. и. н., старший научный сотрудник

burkovav@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5528-0519ButovskayaMarina L.БутовскаяМарина Львовна
Russian Federation

член-кор. РАН, д. и. н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник, ведущий научный сотрудник

marina.butovskaya@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2721-3105KasparovaElena N.КаспароваЕлена Николаевна
Belarus

старший преподаватель

elena_arts@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-3989ErmakovAleksei M.ЕрмаковАлексей Михайлович
Russian Federation

д. б. н., профессор

amermakov@ya.ruInstitute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of SciencesИнститут этнологии и антропологии РАНNational Research University Higher School of EconomicsНациональный исследовательский университет “Высшая школа экономики”Russian State University for the HumanitiesРоссийский государственный гуманитарный университетNational Research University Higher School of EconomicsНациональный исследовательский университет “Высшая школа экономики”Belarusian State UniversityБелорусский государственный университетDon State Technical UniversityДонской государственный технический университет15022024119722527022025Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук2024Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-5415/article/view/672597

Paternal care contributes to offspring’s development and future success in their adult life. Cultural stereotypes and individual views about family roles continue to have a significant impact on paternal care. We conducted a cross-cultural study of paternal care in Russia and Belarus, with special reference to cumulative impact of the level of family income and individual views concerning gender inequality. Total sample was 570 respondents. Results revealed the similarity of the behavioral models of fathers in Russia and Belarus. The general model of paternal care shows that a high level of wealth contributes to the increase of paternal care in both countries, whereas high level of gender inequality reduces the level of paternal care. Both countries continue to practice the traditional approach to sharing of concerns regarding children – women are more involved in childcare and education, while men invest more in the financial income of the family.

Отцовская забота способствует интеллектуальному развитию детей и благотворно влияет на их успешность во взрослой жизни. Существенное воздействие на отцовскую заботу оказывают культурные стереотипы и индивидуальные представления о распределении семейных ролей. В статье представлены результаты кросс-культурного исследования отцовской заботы в России и Беларуси, проанализировано совокупное влияние на заботу уровня достатка в семье и индивидуальных представлений о гендерном неравенстве. Общая выборка составила 570 человек. Результаты исследования выявили сходство поведенческих моделей отцов в России и Беларуси. Общая модель отцовской заботы показала, что высокий уровень достатка способствует росту отцовской заботы в обеих странах, тогда как высокий уровень гендерного неравенства снижает уровень заботы отца. Наши данные показали, что Россия и Беларусь продолжают практиковать традиционный подход к разделению забот в отношении детей – женщины чаще занимаются воспитанием и образованием, тогда как мужчины больше вкладывают в финансовую составляющую семьи.

RussiaBelarusfather investmentparental investmentreproductive successfather caregender inequalitypovertyРоссияБеларусьотцовский вкладродительский вкладрепродуктивный успехотцовская заботагендерное неравенствобедностьИнститут этнологии и антропологии РАНInstitute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of SciencesAdler, M.A., and K. Lenz. 2016. Father Involvement in the Early Years: An International Comparison of Policy and Practice. Bristol: Policy Press.Баринова Е.С., Васягина Н.Н. Особенности семейного самосознания мужчины / Вестник Московского государственного областного университета. Серия, Психологические науки. 2019. № 1. С. 17–28. https://doi.org/10.18384/2310-7235-2019-1-17-28Aldous, J., Mulligan, G.M., Bjarnason, T. 1998. Fathering over Time: What Makes the Difference? Journal of Marriage and the Family 60 (4): 809–820.Безрукова О.Н. Отцовство в трансформирующемся обществе: ожидания матерей и практики отцов // Социологические исследования. 2013. № 11. С. 118–130.Barinova, E.S., and N.N. Vasyagina. 2019. Osobennosti semeinogo samosoznaniia muzhchiny [Characteristics of Family Self-Consciousness of Men]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Seriia, Psikhologicheskie nauki 1: 17–28. https://doi.org/10.18384/2310-7235-2019-1-17-28Борисенко Ю.В. Психология отцовства. М.: ИГ-СОЦИН. 2007.Belsky, J., G.L. Schlomer, and B.J. Ellis. 2012. Beyond Cumulative Risk: Distinguishing Harshness and Unpredictability as Determinants of Parenting and Early Life History Strategy. Developmental Psychology 48 (3): 662–673. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0024454Борисенко Ю.В. Становление психологической готовности к отцовству: психологопедагогический контекст и технологии сопровождения. Кемерово: Кузбасс-вузиздат, 2020.Bogin, J. 2006. Enhancing Developmental Services in Primary Care: The Help Me Grow Experience. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 27 (1): 8–12. https:// doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200602001-00004Бутовская М.Л. Антропология пола. Фрязино: Век-2, 2013.Borgerhoff Mulder, M.B., et al. 2009. Intergenerational Wealth Transmission and the Dynamics of Inequality in Small-Scale Societies. Science 326 (5953): 682–688. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178336Бутовская М.Л. Репродуктивный успех и экономический статус у датога – полуоседлых скотоводов Северной Танзании // Этнографическое обозрение. 2011. № 4. С. 85–99.Borisenko, Y.V. 2007. Psikhologiia ottsovstva [Psychology of Fatherhood]. Moscow: IG-SOTsIN.Бутовская М.Л. Тайны пола: мужчина и женщина в зеркале эволюции. Фрязино: Век-2, 2004.Borisenko, Y.V. 2020. Stanovlenie psikhologicheskoi gotovnosti k ottsovstvu: psikhologo-pedagogicheskii kontekst i tekhnologii soprovozhdeniia [Formation of Psychological Readiness for Fatherhood: Psychological and Pedagogical Context and Support Technologies]. Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat.Бутовская М.Л., Буркова В.Н. Социальный статус и репродуктивный успех в обществе хадза – охотников-собирателей Танзании // Антропология социальных перемен. Исследования по социально-культурной антропологии / Отв. ред. Э. Гучинова, Г. Комарова. М.: РОССПЭН, 2011. С. 365–386.Bourdieu, P. 1986. The Forms of Capital. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J.G. Richardson, 241–258. New York: Greenwood.Войтенко В.П., Соколов В.А., Лубский Р.А. Коллективизм и индивидуализм в России как предмет теоретической рефлексии // Философия права. 2019. Т. 3. № 90. С. 71–77.Butovskaya, M.L. 2004. Tainy pola: muzhchina i zhenshchina v zerkale evoliutsii [Secrets of Gender: Man and Woman in the Mirror of Evolution]. Friazino: Vek-2.Громыко М.М. Традиционные нормы поведения и формы общения русских крестьян XIX в. М.: Наука, 1986.Butovskaya, M.L. 2011. Reproduktivnyi uspekh i ekonomicheskii status u datoga – poluosedlykh skotovodov Severnoi Tanzanii [Reproductive Success and Economic Status among the Datoga – Semi-Sedentary Pastoralists of Northern Tanzania]. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie 4: 85–99.Егорова Н.Ю., Янак А.Л., Рябинская Е.С. Родительские роли в современной российской семье: границы “мужского” // Мониторинг общественного мнения: экономические и социальные перемены. 2020. Т. 2 (156). С. 233–251. https:// doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2020.2.782Butovskaya, M.L. 2013. Antropologiia pola [Anthropology of Sex]. Friazino: Vek-2.Жидкова П.А. Детерминанты финансовых разногласий в российских семьях // Социологический журнал. 2019. Т. 25 (3). С. 67–83. https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2019.25.3.6676Butovskaya, M.L., and V.N. Burkova. 2011. Sotsial’nyi status i reproduktivnyi uspekh v obshchestve khadza – okhotnikov-sobiratelei Tanzanii [Social Status and Reproductive Success in Hadza – Hunter-Gatherers of Tanzania]. In Antropologiia sotsial’nykh peremen. Issledovaniia po sotsial’no-kul’turnoi antropologii [Anthropology of Social Change: Research in Socio-Cultural Anthropology], edited by E. Guchinova and G. Komarova, 356–386. Moscow: ROSSPEN.Захарова Е.И. Освоение родительской позиции как траектория возрастно-психологического развития в зрелом возрасте // Педагогическое образование в России. 2015. № 11. С. 151–156.Bеzrukova, О.N. 2013. Ottsovstvo v transformiruiushchemsia obshchestve: ozhidaniia materei i praktiki ottsov [Fatherhood in a Transforming Society: Mothers’ Expectations and Fathers’ Practices]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia 11: 118–130.Ибрагимова Д. Кто управляет деньгами в российских семьях? // Экономическая социология. 2012. Т. 13 (3). С. 22–56.Cabeza De Baca, T., A.J. Figueredo, and B.J. Ellis. 2012. An Evolutionary Analysis of Variation in Parental Effort: Determinants and Assessment. Parenting 12 (2–3): 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.680396Кон И.C. Мужчина в меняющемся мире. М.: Время, 2009.Clutton-Brock, T.H. 1991. The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Латов Ю.В., Латова Н. В. Российская экономическая ментальность на мировом фоне // Общественные науки и современность. 2001. № 4. С. 31–43.Cooke, R.A., and D.M. Rousseau. 1984. Stress and Strain from Family Roles and Work-Role Expectations. Journal of applied psychology 69 (2): 252–260.Локотко А.И. Культурное наследие Беларуси и России – основа развития гуманитарного пространства Союзного государства // Пытанні мастацтвазнаўства, этналогіі і фалькларыстыкі. 2021. Вып. 30. С. 7–15.Ellis, B.J., A.J. Figueredo, B.H. Brumbach, and G.L. Schlomer. 2009. Fundamental Dimensions of Environmental Risk: The Impact of Harsh versus Unpredictable Environments on the Evolution and Development of Life History Strategies. Human Nature 20: 204–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7Манеров Р.В. Образ себя как отца в структуре Я-концепции мужчин. Дис. … канд. пед. наук. Российский государственный педагогический университет им. А.И. Герцена, Санкт-Петербург, 2013.Figueredo, A.J., et al. 2014. The Psychometric Assessment of Human Life History Strategy: A Meta-Analytic Construct Validation. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences 8 (3): 148–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/H0099837Наследов А.Д. Структурное моделирование каузальных гипотез: исследование педагогических стереотипов оценивания младших школьников // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета, Серия 12. 2011. № 1. С. 305–313.Gavrilyuk, T. 2020. Gender Regimes of Russian Working-Class Families. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8 (3): 114–121. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8313Семенова О.В., Бутовская М.Л. Матрилатеральный родственный вклад во внуков в современной российской семье. Дискриминация потомков женского пола со стороны бабушек и дедушек // Сибирские исторические исследования. 2022. № 1. С. 138–155. https://doi.org/10.17223/2312461X/35/8Geary, D.C. 2000. Evolution and Proximate Expression of Human Paternal Investment. Psychological Bulletin 126 (1): 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.55Семенова О.В., Бутовская М.Л. Теоретические репродуктивные следствия кон фликта полов у человека // Доклады Российской академии наук. Науки о жизни. 2021. Т. 500 (1). С. 420–427. https://doi.org/10.31857/S2686738921050267Gettler, L.T. 2016. Testosterone, Fatherhood, and Social Networks. In Costly and Cute: Helpless Infants and Human Evolution, edited by W.R. Trevathan and K.R. Rosenberg, 149–176. Santa Fe: School for Advance Research Press.Синельников А.Б. Супружество, отцовство и материнство в российском обществе // Социологический журнал. 2015. Т. 21 (4). С. 132–148. https://doi.org/10.19181/ socjour.2015.21.4.3068Gromyko, M.M. 1986. Traditsionnye normy povedeniia i formy obshcheniia russkikh krest’ian XIX v. [Traditional Norms of Behavior and Forms of Communication of Russian Peasants in the 19th Century]. Moscow: Nauka.Токарева Ю.А. Психологические основания воспитательной деятельности отца. Дис. ... докт. психол. наук. Курганский государственный университет, Екатеринбург, 2012.Grossmann, K., et al. 2002. The Uniqueness of the Child–Father Attachment Relationship: Fathers’ Sensitive and Challenging Play as a Pivotal Variable in a 16-year Longitudinal Study. Social development 11 (3): 301–337. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/1467-9507.00202Яркова Е.Н. Человек и общество: социокультурные универсалии и специфика России // Социум и власть. 2010. № 1. С. 10–14.Guggenheim, C.B., M.F. Davis, and A.J.É. Figueredo. 2007. Sons or Daughters: A Cross-Cultural Study of Sex Ratio Biasing and Differential Parental Investment. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 39 (2): 73–90. https://doi.org/10.2181/ 036.039.0202Adler M.A., Lenz K. Father Involvement in the Early Years: An International Comparison of Policy and Practice. Bristol: Policy Press, 2016.Hawkins, A.J., and R. Palkovitz. 1999. Beyond Ticks and Clicks: The Need for More Diverse and Broader Conceptualizations and Measures of Father Involvement. The Journal of Men’s Studies 8 (1): 11–32. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0801.11Aldous J., Mulligan G.M., Bjarnason T. Fathering over Time: What Makes the Difference? // Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1998. Vol. 60 (4). P. 809–820.Hill, K., and H. Kaplan. 1999. Life History Traits in Humans: Theory and Empirical Studies. Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1): 397–430. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev.anthro.28.1.397Belsky J., Schlomer G.L., Ellis B.J. Beyond Cumulative Risk: Distinguishing Harshness and Unpredictability as Determinants of Parenting and Early Life History Strategy // Developmental Psychology. 2012. Vol. 48 (3). P. 662–673. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0024454Hrdy, S.B. 1999. Mother Nature. London: Chatto & Windus.Bogin J. Enhancing Developmental Services in Primary Care: The Help Me Grow Experience // Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 2006. Vol. 27 (1). P. 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200602001-00004Ibragimova, D. 2012. Kto upravliaet den’gami v rossiiskikh sem’iakh? [Who Manages Money in Russian Families?]. Ekonomicheskaia sotsiologiia 13 (3): 22–56.Borgerhoff Mulder M.B. et al. Intergenerational Wealth Transmission and the Dynamics of Inequality in Small-Scale Societies // Science. 2009. Vol. 326 (5953). P. 682–688. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178336Jeynes, W.H. 2015. A Meta-Analysis: The Relationship Between Father Involvement and Student Academic Achievement. Urban Education 50 (4): 387–423. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0042085914525789Bourdieu P. The Forms of Capital // Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education / Ed. J.G. Richardson. N.Y.: Greenwood, 1986. P. 241–258.Kleiman, D.G., and J.R. Malcolm. 1981. The Evolution of Male Parental Investment in Mammals. In Parental Care in Mammals, edited by D.J. Gubernick and P.H. Klopfer, 347–387. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation.Cabeza De Baca T., Figueredo A.J., Ellis B.J. An Evolutionary Analysis of Variation in Parental Effort: Determinants and Assessment // Parenting. 2012. Vol. 12 (2–3). P. 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.680396Kline, R.B. 2023. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: Guilford Publications.Clutton-Brock T.H. The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.Kokko, H., and M.D. Jennions. 2008. Sexual Conflict: The Battle of the Sexes Reversed. Current Biology 18 (3): 121–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.063Cooke R.A., Rousseau D.M. Stress and Strain from Family Roles and Work-Role Expectations // Journal of Applied Psychology. 1984. Vol. 69 (2). P. 252–260.Kramer, K.L. 2010. Cooperative Breeding and its Significance to the Demographic Success of Humans. Annual Review of Anthropology 39: 417–436. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105054Ellis B.J., Figueredo A.J., Brumbach B.H., Schlomer G.L. Fundamental Dimensions of Environmental Risk: The Impact of Harsh versus Unpredictable Environments on the Evolution and Development of Life History Strategies // Human Nature. 2009. Vol. 20. P. 204–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7Kramer, K.L., R. Schacht, and A. Bell. 2017. Adult Sex Ratios and Partner Scarcity among Hunter–Gatherers: Implications for Dispersal Patterns and the Evolution of Human Sociality. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372 (1729): 20160316. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0316Figueredo A.J. et al. The Psychometric Assessment of Human Life History Strategy: A Meta-Analytic Construct Validation // Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences. 2014. Vol. 8(3). P. 148–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/H0099837Lamb, M.E., and C.S. Tamis-LeMonda. 2004. The Role of the Father. In The Role of the Father in Child Development, edited by M.E. Lamb, 100–105. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.Gavrilyuk T. Gender Regimes of Russian Working-Class Families // Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews. 2020. Vol. 8 (3). P. 114–121. https://doi.org/10.18510/ hssr.2020.8313Latov, Y.V., and N.V. Latova. 2001. Rossiiskaia ekonomicheskaia mental’nost’ na mirovom fone [Russian Economic Mentality against the Global Background]. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’ 4: 31–43.Geary D.C. Evolution and Proximate Expression of Human Paternal Investment // Psychological Bulletin. 2000. Vol. 126 (1). P. 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.55Lavee, Y., S. Sharlin, and R. Katz. 1996. The Effect of Parenting Stress on Marital Quality: An Integrated Mother-Father Model. Journal of Family Issues 17 (1): 114–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251396017001007Gettler L.T. Testosterone, Fatherhood, and Social Networks // Costly and Cute: Helpless Infants and Human Evolution / Eds. W.R. Trevathan, K.R. Rosenberg. Santa Fe: School for Advance Research Press, 2016. P. 149–76.Lokotko, A.I. 2021. Kul’turnoe nasledie Belarusi i Rossii – osnova razvitiia gumanitarnogo prostranstva Soiuznogo gosudarstva [The Cultural Heritage of Belarus and Russia is the Basis for the Development of the Humanitarian Space of the Union State]. Pytanni mastactvaznaўstva, etnalogii i falklarystyki 30: 7–15.Grossmann K. et al. The Uniqueness of the Child–Father Attachment Relationship: Fathers’ Sensitive and Challenging Play as a Pivotal Variable in a 16-year Longitudinal Study // Social Development. 2002. Vol. 11 (3). P. 301–337. https://doi. org/10.1111/1467-9507.00202Macе, R. 2018. Kinship (Human), Evolutionary and Biosocial Approaches to. In The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology, edited by H. Callan, 1–7. London: John Wiley & Sons.Guggenheim C.B., Davis M.F., Figueredo A.J.É. Sons or Daughters: A Cross-Cultural Study of Sex Ratio Biasing and Differential Parental Investment // Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. 2007. Vol. 39 (2). P. 73–90. https://doi. org/10.2181/036.039.0202Manerov, R.V. 2013. Obraz sebia kak ottsa v strukture Ya-kontseptsii muzhchin. PhD diss., Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia.Hawkins A.J., Palkovitz R. Beyond Ticks and Clicks: The Need for More Diverse and Broader Conceptualizations and Measures of Father Involvement // The Journal of Men’s Studies. 1999. Vol. 8 (1). P. 11–32. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0801.11Marlowe, F. 2000. Paternal Investment and the Human Mating System. Behavioural Processes 51 (1–3): 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00118-2Hill K., Kaplan H. Life History Traits in Humans: Theory and Empirical Studies // Annual Review of Anthropology. 1999. Vol. 28 (1). P. 397–430. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.28.1.397Marsiglio, W., P. Amato, R.D. Day, and M.E. Lamb. 2000. Scholarship on Fatherhood in the 1990s and Beyond. Journal of Marriage and Family 62 (4): 1173–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01173.xHrdy S.B. Mother Nature. L.: Chatto & Windus, 1999.Murdock, G.P., and D.R. White. 1969. Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. Ethnology 8 (4): 329–369.Jeynes W.H. A Meta-Analysis: The Relationship Between Father Involvement and Student Academic Achievement // Urban Education. 2015. Vol. 50 (4). P. 387–423. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0042085914525789Naslеdov, А.D. 2011. Strukturnoe modelirovanie kauzal’nykh gipotez: issledovanie pedagogicheskikh stereotipov otsenivaniia mladshikh shkol’nikov [Structural Modeling of Casual Hypothesis: Research of Pedagogical Stereotypes of Assessment of Younger Schoolchildren]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Seriia 12 1: 305–313.Kleiman D.G., Malcolm J.R. The Evolution of Male Parental Investment in Mammals // Parental Care in Mammals / Eds. D.J. Gubernick, P.H. Klopfer. N.Y.: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1981. P. 347–387.Paquette, D. 2004. Theorizing the Father-Child Relationship: Mechanisms and Developmental Outcomes. Human Development 47 (4): 193–219. https://doi.org/ 10.1159/000078723Kline R.B. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. N.Y.: Guilford Publications, 2023.Parcel, T.L., and E.G. Menaghan. 1994. Early Parental Work, Family Social Capital, and Early Childhood Outcomes. American Journal of Sociology 99 (4): 972–1009.Kokko H., Jennions M.D. Sexual Conflict: The Battle of the Sexes Reversed // Current Biology. 2008. Vol. 18 (3). P. 121–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.063Ridgeway, C.L. 2011. Framed by Gender: How Gender Inequality Persists in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Kramer K.L. Cooperative Breeding and Its Significance to the Demographic Success of Humans // Annual Review of Anthropology. 2010. Vol. 39. P. 417–436. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105054Roggman, L.A., H.E. Fitzgerald, R.H. Bradley, and H. Raikes. 2002. Methodological, Measurement, and Design Issues in Studying Fathers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. In Handbook of Father Involvement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, edited by C.S. Tamis-LeMonda and N. Cabrera, 1–30. Mahwah: Erlbaum.Kramer K.L., Schacht R., Bell A. Adult Sex Ratios and Partner Scarcity among Hunter– Gatherers: Implications for Dispersal Patterns and the Evolution of Human Sociality // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2017. Vol. 372 (1729): 20160316. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0316Scelza, B.A. 2010. Fathers’ Presence Speeds the Social and Reproductive Careers of Sons. Current Anthropology 51 (2): 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1086/651051Lamb M.E., Tamis-LeMonda C.S. The Role of the Father // The Role of the Father in Child Development / Ed. M.E. Lamb. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2004. P. 100–105.Schacht, R., and K.L. Kramer. 2019. Are We Monogamous? A Review of the Evolution of Pair-Bonding in Humans and Its Contemporary Variation Cross-Culturally. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7 (230). https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00230Lavee Y., Sharlin S., Katz R. The Effect of Parenting Stress on Marital Quality: An Integrated Mother-Father Model // Journal of Family Issues. 1996. Vol. 17 (1). P. 114–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251396017001007Semenova, O.V., and M.L. Butovskaya. 2021. Teoreticheskie reproduktivnye sledstviia konflikta polov u cheloveka [Theoretical Reproductive Outcomes of the Sexual Conflict over Parental Care in Humans]. Doklady Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Nauki o zhizni 500 (1): 420–427. https://doi.org/10.31857/S2686738921050267Macе R. Kinship (Human), Evolutionary and Biosocial Approaches to // The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology / Ed. H. Callan. L.: John Wiley & Sons, 2018. P. 1–7.Semenova, O.V., and M.L. Butovskaya. 2022. Matrilateral’nyi rodstvennyi vklad vo vnukov v sovremennoi rossiiskoi sem’e. Diskriminatsiia potomkov zhenskogo pola so storony babushek i dedushek [Matrilateral Effect of Grandparental Care and Discriminative Investment against Granddaughters in Modern Russian fFamilies]. Sibirskie istoricheskie issledovaniia 1: 138–155. https://doi.org/10.17223/ 2312461X/35/8Marlowe F. Paternal Investment and the Human Mating System // Behavioural Processes. 2000. Vol. 51 (1–3). P. 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00118-2Seth, S. 2009. Inequality, Interactions, and Human Development. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 10 (3): 375–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 19452820903048878Marsiglio W., Amato P., Day R.D., Lamb M.E. Scholarship on Fatherhood in the 1990s and Beyond // Journal of Marriage and Family. 2000. Vol. 62 (4). P. 1173–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01173.xSinеlnikov, А.B. 2015 Supruzhestvo, ottsovstvo i materinstvo v rossiiskom obshchestve [Marriage, Fatherhood and Motherhood in Russian Society]. Sotsiologicheskii zhurnal 21 (4): 132–148. https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2015.21.4.3068Murdock G.P., White D.R. Standard Cross-Cultural Sample // Ethnology. 1969. Vol. 8 (4). P. 329–369.Spence, J.T., R. Helmreich, and J. Stapp. 1973. A Short Version of the Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS). Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 2 (4): 219–220.Paquette D. Theorizing the Father-Child Relationship: Mechanisms and Developmental Outcomes // Human Development. 2004. Vol. 47 (4). P. 193–219. https://doi. org/10.1159/000078723Stearns, S.C. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Parcel T.L., Menaghan E.G. Early Parental Work, Family Social Capital, and Early Childhood Outcomes // American Journal of Sociology. 1994. Vol. 99 (4). P. 972–1009.Tokareva, Y.A. 2012. Psikhologicheskie osnovaniia vospitatel’noi deiatel’nosti ottsa [Psychological Foundations of the Father’s Educational Activities]. PhD diss., Kurgan State University.Ridgeway C.L. Framed by Gender: How Gender Inequality Persists in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Trivers, R.L. 1972. Parental Investment and Sexual Selection. In Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man, edited by B. Campbell, 136–179. Chicago: Aldine.Roggman L.A., Fitzgerald H.E., Bradley R.H., Raikes H. Methodological, Measurement, and Design Issues in Studying Fathers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective // Handbook of Father Involvement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives / Eds. C.S. Tamis-LeMonda, N. Cabrera. Mahwah: Erlbaum, 2002. P. 1–30.Voitenko, V.P., V.A. Sokolov, and R.A. Lubsky. 2019. Kollektivizm i individualizm v Rossii kak predmet teoreticheskoi refleksii [Collectivism and Individualism in Russia as a Subject of Theoretical Reflection]. Filosofiia prava 3 (90): 71–77.Scelza B.A. Fathers’ Presence Speeds the Social and Reproductive Careers of Sons // Current Anthropology. 2010. Vol. 51 (2). P. 295– 303. https://doi.org/10.1086/651051Wiersma, U.J., and P. van den Berg. 1991. Work‐Home Role Conflict, Family Climate, and Domestic Responsibilities among Men and Women in Dual‐Earner Families. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21 (15): 1207–1217. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00466.xSchacht R., Kramer K.L. Are We Monogamous? A Review of the Evolution of Pair-Bonding in Humans and Its Contemporary Variation Cross-Culturally // Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2019. Vol. 7 (230). https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo. 2019.00230Yarkova, E.N., 2010. Chelovek i obshchestvo: sotsiokul’turnye universalii i spetsifika Rossii [Man and Society: Sociocultural Universals and the Specificity of Russia]. Sotsium i vlast’ 1: 10–14.Seth S. Inequality, Interactions, and Human Development // Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. 2009. Vol. 10 (3). P. 375–396. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/19452820903048878Zakharova, Е.I. 2015. Osvoenie roditel’skoi pozitsii kak traektoriia vozrastnopsikhologicheskogo razvitiia v zrelom vozraste [Mastering the Parental Position as a Trajectory of Age-Psychological Development in Mature Age]. Pedagogicheskoe obrazovanie v Rossii 11: 151–156.Spence J.T., Helmreich R., Stapp J. A Short Version of the Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS) // Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 1973. Vol. 2 (4). P. 219–220.Zhidkova, P.A. 2019. Determinanty finansovykh raznoglasii v rossiiskikh sem’iakh [The Determinants of Financial Disagreements in Russian Families]. Sotsiologicheskii zhurnal 25 (3): 67–83. https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2019.25.3.6676Stearns S.C. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.Еgorova, N.Y., A.L. Yanak, and Е.S. Ryabinskaya. 2020. Roditel’skie roli v sovremennoi rossiiskoi sem’e: granitsy “muzhskogo” [Parental Roles in the Modern Russian Family: The Male Boundaries]. Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniia: ekonomicheskie i sotsial’nye peremeny 2 (156): 233–251. https://doi.org/10.14515/ monitoring.2020.2.782Trivers R.L. Parental Investment and Sexual Selection // Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man / Ed. B. Campbell. Chicago: Aldine, 1972. P. 136–179.Коn, I.S. 2009. Muzhchina v meniaiushchemsia mire [A Man in a Changing World]. Moscow: Vremia.Wiersma U.J., van den Berg P. Work‐Home Role Conflict, Family Climate, and Domestic Responsibilities among Men and Women in Dual‐Earner Families // Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 1991. Vol. 21 (15). P. 1207–1217. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00466.x