<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Доклады Академии наук</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Доклады Академии наук</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Доклады Академии наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-5652</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">14238</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0869-56524854493-496</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Geophysics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Геофизика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Structure of the terrain and gravitational field of the planets: Kaula’s rule as a consequence of the probability laws by A.N. Kolmogorov and his school</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Структура рельефа и гравитационного поля планет: правило Каулы - следствие законов теории вероятностей А. Н. Колмогорова и его школы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gledzer</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гледзер</surname><given-names>Е. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gsg@ifaran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golitsyn</surname><given-names>G. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голицын</surname><given-names>Г. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Академик РАН</p></bio><email>gsg@ifaran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики атмосферы имени А.М. Обухова Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-05-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>485</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>493</fpage><lpage>496</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-06-20"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-06-20"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Russian academy of sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian academy of sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-5652/article/view/14238">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-5652/article/view/14238</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Kaula’s empirical rule has been known for more than 50 years: the coefficients of expansion over spherical harmonics for the fluctuations of the gravitational field and terrain of the planets decrease as the number of the harmonic squared. This was found for Venus, the Moon, Mars, the asteroid Vesta, and very small celestial bodies. The inverse-square line spectra were also found for various types of the Earth’s surface on a scale of up to a hundred kilometers. From this it follows that the spectra of the terrain slope angles are constant, i.e., “white noise”. This, they are delta-correlated horizontally. These are the assumptions under which the random walk laws were derived by A.N. Kolmogorov in 1934. Using them, the equation of the horizontal probability diffusion of the terrain with the linear coefficient diffusion D is derived. Based on the empirical data, D = 1.3 ± 0.3 m for the Earth, while for Venus it is almost an order of magnitude less. The slopes resist the wind; the rock crumbles, and the water flows down the slopes as well. This consideration turns Kaula’s rule into the random walk laws (over terrain) developed by Kolmogorov in 1934.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Более 50 лет известно эмпирическое правило Каулы: коэффициенты разложения по сферическим гармоникам флуктуаций гравитационного поля планет и рельефа их поверхностей убывают как квадрат номера гармоники. Это было найдено также для Венеры, Луны, Марса, астероида Веста и совсем мелких небесных тел. Обратно квадратичные линейные спектры найдены и для различных типов участков земной поверхности в масштабах до сотни километров. Отсюда следует, что спектры углов наклонов рельефа постоянны, т. е. являются “белым шумом”. Тогда они d-коррелированы по горизонтали. Именно в этих предположениях выведены законы случайных блужданий А. Н. Колмогорова 1934 г. Используя их, выводится уравнение диффузии вероятности рельефа по горизонтали с линейным коэффициентом диффузии <italic>D</italic>. По эмпирическим данным для Земли величина <italic>D</italic> = 1,3 ± 0,3 м, а для Венеры почти на порядок меньше. Уклоны сопротивляются ветру, вдоль них сыплется порода, течёт вода. Данное рассмотрение превращает правило Каулы в закон случайных блужданий (по рельефу) Колмогорова 1934 г.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>spectrum of relief</kwd><kwd>inclination angles</kwd><kwd>white noise</kwd><kwd>random walks</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>спектр рельефа</kwd><kwd>углы наклонов</kwd><kwd>белый шум</kwd><kwd>случайные блуждания</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Программа Президиума Российской академии наук</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id></award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kaula W. M. Theory of Satellite Geodesy. Bleinsdell: Waltham, 1966.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Turcotte D. L. Chaos and Fractals in Geology and Geophysics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997. 398 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Rexer M., Hirt C. // Surv. Geophys. 2015. V. 36. P. 803.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Konopliv A. S., et al. // Icarus. 2014. V. 240. P. 103-117. 5.	McMahon J. W., et al. // Proc. 47th Lunar and Planetary Sci. Conference. 2016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Kolmogorov A. N. // Ann. Math. 1934. V. 35. P. 116-117.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Монин А. С., Яглом А. М. Статистическая гидромеханика. М.: Физматлит, 1967. Т. 2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Голицын Г. С. // Физика Земли. 2003. № 7. С. 3-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Werner S. C., Harris A.W., Neukum G., Ivanov B.A. // Icarus. 2002. V. 156. P. 287-290.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Голицын Г. С. // Метеорология и гидрология. 2018. № 3. С. 5-15.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
