Вестник Российской академии наукВестник Российской академии наук0869-5873The Russian Academy of Sciences1142310.31857/S0869-5873892125-130Research ArticleOptogenetics and visionKirpichnikovM. P.kirpichnikov@inbox.ruОstrovskyМ. А.ostrovsky3535@mail.ruM.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RASM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityN.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, RAS200320198921251302003201920032019Copyright © 2019,2019<p>In this article the authors discuss electronic and optogenetic approaches for degenerative (blind) retina prosthesis as the main strategies for the restoration of vision to blind people. Primary attention is devoted to the prospects of developing retinal prostheses for the blind using modern optogenetic methods, and rhodopsins, which are photosensitive retinal-binding proteins, are examined as potential tools for such prostheses. The authors consider the question of which particular cells of the degenerative retina for which rhodopsins can be prosthetic as well as ways of delivering the rhodopsin genes to these cells. In conclusion, the authors elucidate the main provisions and tasks related to optogenetic prosthetics for degenerative retina.</p>optogeneticsdegenerative retinachannel rhodopsinsmelanopsinvisual rhodopsinphotoreceptorsretinal bipolar cellsretinal ganglion cellsоптогенетикадегенеративная сетчаткаканальные родопсинымеланопсинзрительный родопсинфоторецепторыбиполярные клетки сетчаткиганглиозные клетки сетчатки[Bourne R.R.A., Flaxman S. R., Braithwaite T. et al. Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis // Lancet Glob. Health. 2017. V. 5. P. 888 – 897.][Duncan J. L., Pierce E. A., Laster A. M. et al. Inherited retinal degenerations: current landscape and knowledge gaps // Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech. 2018. V. 7. № 4. P. 6.][RetNet. http://www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/RetNet/ (дата обращения 9.07.2018).][Petit L., Khanna H., Punzo C. Advances in Gene Therapy for Diseases of the Eye // Human gene therapy. 2016. V. 27. № 8. P. 563 – 579.][Kaneko A., Inoue K., Kojima K. et al. Conversion of microbial rhodopsins: insights into functionally essential elements and rational protein engineering // Biophysical Reviews. 2017. V. 9. P. 861 – 876.][Долгих Д. А., Малышев А. Ю., Саложин С. В. и др. Анионный канальный родопсин, экспрессированный в культуре нейронов и in vivo в мозге мыши: светоиндуцированное подавление генерации потенциалов действия // Доклады АН. 2015. Вып. 465. № 6. С. 737 – 740.][Govorunova E. G., Sineshchekov O. A., Janz R. et al. Natural light-gated anion channels: a family of microbial rhodopsins for advanced optogenetics // Science. 2015. V. 349. P. 647 – 650.][Долгих Д. А., Малышев А. Ю., Рощин М. В. и др. Сравнительная характеристика двух анионных канальных родопсинов и перспективы их применения в оптогенетике // Доклады АН. 2016. Вып. 471. № 6. С. 1 – 4.][Malyshev A. Y., Smirnova G. R., Dolgikh D. A. et al. Chloride conducting light activated channel GtACR2 can produce both cessation of firing and generation of action potentials in cortical neurons in response to light // Neuroscience Letters. 2017. V. 640. P. 76 – 80.][Beyeler M., Rokem A., Boynton G. M. et al. Learning to see again: Biological constraints on cortical plasticity and the implications for sight restoration technologies // J. Neural. Eng. 2017. 14(5): 051003.]