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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской академии наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-5873</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5200</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">659551</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0869587323090116</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">TYVZLS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ ВЫПУСК ПО БИОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Formation of pentameria and axial symmetry in the evolution of echinoderms</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ПЕНТАМЕРИИ И ОСЕВОЙ СИММЕТРИИ В ЭВОЛЮЦИИ ИГЛОКОЖИХ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozhnov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рожнов</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>vestnik.ran@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Палеонтологический институт им. А.А. Борисяка РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>93</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>865</fpage><lpage>875</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-20"><day>20</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, С.В. Рожнов</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, С.В. Рожнов</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">С.В. Рожнов</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">С.В. Рожнов</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-5873/article/view/659551">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-5873/article/view/659551</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The formation of pentaradial symmetry in the evolution of echinoderms was based on the possibility of the middle–left coelom to terminally forward growth along the anteroposterior axis and the appearance of a second growth vector along the left–right axis during the replication of the formed ambulacra. Both growth vectors were realized into the pentamerism of modern echinoderms due to the development of coelom asymmetry and subsequent torsion associated with the attachment of the larva to the ground by the anterior end of the body. In this process, the molecular genetic mechanisms of anteroposterior growth and left–right regulation, common to bilateria, and associated with the genes of the Wnt, BMP, Nodal signaling cascades, and Hox system genes, were probably used together. In the process of replication of channels extending from the ambulacral ring, the emerging ambulacral system was the organizer of the symmetry of the skeleton and the nervous and muscular systems. Replication in many fossil echinoderms ended on the three channels extending directly from the ambulacral ring. In crinoids, sea urchins, sea stars, brittle stars, and holothurians, the second stage of the formation of a more perfect five-ray symmetry of the ambulacral ring with five radial canals extending from it appeared, associated with a shift in ontogenesis of the branch point to the early stages of hydrocoel development.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p id="idm45257551772704">Формирование пятилучевой симметрии в эволюции иглокожих было основано на возможности среднего левого целома к терминальному росту вперёд вдоль переднезадней оси и появления у него второго вектора роста вдоль лево-правой оси при репликации сформировавшегося амбулакра. Оба вектора роста реализовались в пентамерию современных иглокожих благодаря развитию асимметрии целомов и последующей торсии, связанной с прикреплением личинки к грунту передним концом тела. В этом процессе, вероятно, совместно использовались общие для билатерий молекулярно-генетические механизмы переднезаднего роста и лево-правой регуляции, связанные с генами сигнальных каскадов Wnt, BMP, Nodal и генов Hox-системы. В процессе репликации каналов, отходящих от амбулакрального кольца, формировавшаяся амбулакральная система явилась организатором симметрии скелета, нервной и мышечной системы. Репликация у многих ископаемых иглокожих закончилась на трёх каналах, отходящих непосредственно от амбулакрального кольца. У морских лилий, морских ежей, морских звёзд, офиур и голотурий проявился второй этап формирования более совершенной пятилучевой симметрии амбулакрального кольца с пятью отходящими от него радиальными каналами, связанный со смещением в онтогенезе точки ветвления на ранние стадии развития гидроцеля.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>echinoderms</kwd><kwd>axial symmetry</kwd><kwd>pentamerism</kwd><kwd>trimeria</kwd><kwd>growth vector</kwd><kwd>ambulacral system</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd><kwd>solutes</kwd><kwd>stylophores</kwd><kwd>zinctes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иглокожие</kwd><kwd>осевая симметрия</kwd><kwd>пентамерия</kwd><kwd>тримерия</kwd><kwd>вектор роста</kwd><kwd>амбулакральная система</kwd><kwd>эволюция</kwd><kwd>солюты</kwd><kwd>стилофоры</kwd><kwd>цинкты.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Автор искренне благодарен В.В. Исаевой за обсуждение основных положений статьи, а Г.А. 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