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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-7698</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">687318</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0869769825020084</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GEPNKM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Биологические науки</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Mathematical models combining ecological and genetic approaches in population biology</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Математические модели, объединяющие экологический и генетический подходы в популяционной биологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1629-2610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frisman</surname><given-names>Efim Ya.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фрисман</surname><given-names>Ефим Яковлевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Corresponding Member of RAS, Professor, Scientific Director of the Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Член-корреспондент РАН, профессор, научный руководитель института</p></bio><email>frisman@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3090-986X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhdanova</surname><given-names>Oksana L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жданова</surname><given-names>Оксана Леонидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics, Leading Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор физико-математических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>axanka@iacp.dvo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7567-7188</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Neverova</surname><given-names>Galina P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Неверова</surname><given-names>Галина Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics, Senior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор физико-математических наук, старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>galina.nev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute for Comprehensive Analysis of Regional Problems, FEB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт комплексного анализа региональных проблем ДВО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Automation and Control Processes, FEB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт автоматики и процессов управления ДВО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>102</fpage><lpage>123</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-11"><day>11</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-11"><day>11</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-7698/article/view/687318">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-7698/article/view/687318</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review proposes a generalization of ecological and genetic approaches to problems traditionally considered within the framework of mathematical population biology. This approach is not the only possible one, but it seems to us original and promising, since сombining mathematical models of natural selection and population dynamics allows identifying possible mechanisms for the emergence of a complex temporal organization of genetic biodiversity very sensitive to external influences. When taking into account the age structure of populations in models, a multimodality appears, which not only makes it possible to explain the change in the dynamics mode, but also to take a fresh look at general biological ideas about existing patterns in population dynamics. Scenarios for the microevolution of the genetic composition of a population that arise with fluctuating numbers allow to explain and describe the pronounced genetic differentiation of individuals of different generations in populations with a seasonal pattern of reproduction; for example, the origin of differences in genetic structure among successive generations of Pacific pink salmon <italic>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</italic>. Such models explain litter size polymorphism well in different (natural and artificial) populations of Arctic foxes <italic>Alopex lagopus</italic>; as well as the emergence and cessation of fluctuations in the numbers of several rodent species, which have recently been observed in many northern populations of Western Europe (for example, the disappearance of population cycles of voles in a number of populations in Finland and Sweden). The identified features of the dynamic behavior of such systems are important from the point of view of the revision and development of established theoretical concepts, since in such systems the principle of simple combination (superposition) of the results of two models is violated: density-independent natural selection of the best genotypes and density-dependent regulation of population growth; modes appear that were not observed separately in each of the models.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В данном обзоре предлагается обобщение экологического и генетического подходов в задачах, традиционно рассматриваемых в рамках математической популяционной биологии. Такой подход не является единственно возможным, но представляется нам оригинальным и перспективным, поскольку объединение математических моделей естественного отбора и динамики численности популяций позволяет выявить возможные механизмы появления сложной временной организации генетического биоразнообразия, весьма чувствительной к внешнему воздействию. При учете возрастной структуры популяций в моделях возникает мультирежимность, которая не только позволяет объяснить смену режима динамики, но и по-новому взглянуть на общебиологические представления о существующих закономерностях в динамике популяций. Сценарии микроэволюции генетического состава популяции, возникающие при флуктуирующей численности, позволяют объяснять и описывать выраженную генетическую дифференциацию особей разных поколений в популяциях с сезонным характером размножения, например происхождение различий в генетической структуре у смежных поколений тихоокеанской горбуши <italic>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</italic>. Такие модели хорошо объясняют полиморфизм размера помета в различных (естественных и искусственных) популяциях песцов <italic>Alopex lagopus</italic>, а также возникновение и прекращение колебаний численности ряда видов грызунов, которое наблюдается в последнее время во многих северных популяциях Западной Европы (например, исчезновение популяционных циклов полевок в ряде популяций Финляндии и Швеции). Выявленные особенности динамического поведения подобных систем важны с точки зрения пересмотра и развития устоявшихся теоретических представлений, поскольку в таких системах нарушается принцип простого объединения (суперпозиции) результатов двух моделей: плотностно-независимого естественного отбора лучших генотипов и плотностно-зависимой регуляции роста численности; появляются режимы, которые не наблюдались отдельно в каждой из моделей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>evolution</kwd><kwd>natural selection</kwd><kwd>population dynamics</kwd><kwd>predator–prey community</kwd><kwd>mathematical modeling</kwd><kwd>polymorphism</kwd><kwd>multistability</kwd><kwd>eco-genetic model</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эволюция</kwd><kwd>естественный отбор</kwd><kwd>динамика популяций</kwd><kwd>сообщество «хищник–жертва»</kwd><kwd>математическое моделирование</kwd><kwd>полиморфизм</kwd><kwd>мультистабильность</kwd><kwd>эколого-генетическая модель</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт автоматики и процессов управления ДВО РАН</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FWFW-2021-0004</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт комплексного анализа региональных проблем ДВО РАН</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Institute for Comprehensive Analysis of Regional Problems, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FWUG-2024-0005</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malthus T.R. 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