<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Toxicological Review</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Toxicological Review</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Токсикологический вестник</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-7922</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">641183</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36946/0869-7922-2019-4-23-31</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">IDENTIFICATION OF BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT OF 1,4-DICHLOROHEXAFLUOROBUTENE-2</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ БИОМАРКЕРОВ ЭКСПОЗИЦИИ И ЭФФЕКТА 1,4-ДИХЛОРГЕКСА-ФТОРБУТЕНА-2</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ukolov</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уколов</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ukolov Anton Igorevich</p><p>188663, Leningrad region, Kuzmolovsky</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Уколов Антон Игоревич - кандидат химических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории аналитической токсикологии.</p><p>188663 Ленинградская область, Всеволожский район, г.п. Кузьмоловский</p></bio><email>AntonUkolov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shachneva</surname><given-names>M. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шачнева</surname><given-names>М. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shachneva Maria Dmitrievna</p><p>188663, Leningrad region, Kuzmolovsky</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шачнева Мария Дмитриевна - младший научный сотрудник лаборатории аналитической токсикологии.</p><p>188663 Ленинградская область, Всеволожский район, г.п. Кузьмоловский</p></bio><email>shachneva_mariya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Radilov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Радилов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Radilov Andrey Stanislavovich</p><p>188663, Leningrad region, Kuzmolovsky</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Радилов Андрей Станиславович - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий отделом токсикологии, и.о. директора.</p><p>188663 Ленинградская область, Всеволожский район, г.п. Кузьмоловский</p></bio><email>radilov@rihophe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГУП «Научно-исследовательский институт гигиены, профпатологии и экологии человека» ФМБА России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-08-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>08</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><issue>4</issue><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-04"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Ukolov A.I., Shachneva M.D., Radilov A.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Уколов А.И., Шачнева М.Д., Радилов А.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ukolov A.I., Shachneva M.D., Radilov A.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Уколов А.И., Шачнева М.Д., Радилов А.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2022-08-24"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-7922/article/view/641183">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-7922/article/view/641183</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Using gas and high-performance liquid chromatography with mass-selective detection (GC/MS and HPLC/MS, respectively), the metabolism of previously unstudied freon RL316 (1,4-dichloro-1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluorobutene-2, hereinafter - DCHF) has been investigated. Two volatile metabolites, which are products of reductive replacement of chlorine atoms: 1-chloro-1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluorobutane and 1-chloro-1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluorobutene-2, have been detected and identified in the blood and urine samples of rats. In total 15 different previously unknown metabolites have been revealed and identified. The main direction of metabolism of DCHF is the formation of adducts with glutathione and their further degradation to cysteine and acetylcysteine adducts. Among all metabolites 4-methylsulfyl-1-chloro-1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluorobutene-2, 4-methylsulfynyl-1-chloro-1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluorobutene-2 and 1,1,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1,4-dichlorobutanethion-2 were found to be the most sensitive biomarkers. The intake of DCHF in the body does not lead to its bioactivation with the formation of labile thioketenes which are the main cause of mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of some halocarbons.</p><p>Metabolic profiling of blood plasma revealed potential metabolic markers of exposure to D CHF at a concentration of 18,8 mg/m<sup>3</sup>: the ratio of concentrations of gulonic acid and myo-inositol phosphate. The combination of the determination of the chemical markers - nonmetabolic forms of DCHF and 1,4-dichloro-1,1,3,4,4-butanthione-2 with the definition of discovered metabolic markers allows to estimate more accurately the dose or level of exposure of DCHF on the body of people in contact with it.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>С использованием газовой и высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии с масс-селективным детектированием (ГХ-МС и ВЭЖХ-МС, соответственно) установлен метаболизм не изученного ранее хладона RL 316 (1,4-дихлор-1,1,2,3,4,4-гексафторбутена-2, далее -ДХГФ ). В образцах крови и мочи крыс обнаружены и идентифицированы два летучих метаболита, являющихся продуктами восстановительного замещения атомов хлора: 1-хлор-1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-ок-тафторбутан и 1-хлор-1,1,2,3,4,4-гексафторбутен-2. Всего в результате исследований выявлено и идентифицировано 15 различных ранее неизвестных метаболитов. Установлено, что основным направлением метаболизма ДХГФ является образование аддуктов с глутатионом, и их дальнейшая деградация до цистеиновых и ацетилцистеиновых аддуктов. Также, среди продуктов распада аддуктов выявлены 4-метилсульфил-1-хлор-1,1,2,3,4,4-гексафторбутен-2, 4-метил-сульфи-нил-1-хлор-1,1,2,3,4,4-гексафторбутен-2 и 1,1,3,4,4-пентафтор-1,4-дихлор-бутантион-2 который оказался наиболее чувствительным биомаркером. Показано, что при поступлении ДХГФ в организм не происходит его биоактивация с образованием лабильных тиокетенов которые являются основной причиной мутагенного и канцерогенного действия некоторых галогенуглеводородов.</p><p>Метаболическое профилирование плазмы крови позволило выявить потенциальные метаболические маркеры воздействия ДХГФ в концентрации 18.8 мг/м<sup>3</sup>: отношение концентраций гулоновой кислоты и мио-инозитолфосфата. Сочетание определения химических маркеров - неметаболизиро-ванной формы ДХГФ и 1,4-дихлор-1,1,3,4,4-бутантиона-2 с определением обнаруженных метаболических маркеров позволит более точно оценивать полученную дозу или уровень воздействия ДХГФ на организм людей контактирующих с ним.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>1,4-dichloro-1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluorobutene-2</kwd><kwd>freon RL316</kwd><kwd>blood</kwd><kwd>urine</kwd><kwd>chromatography/mass spectrometry</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>1</kwd><kwd>4-дихлор-1,1,2,3,4,4-гексафторбутен-2</kwd><kwd>хладон RL316</kwd><kwd>кровь</kwd><kwd>моча</kwd><kwd>хромато-масс-спектрометрия</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Materials on the experimental substantiation of the approximate safe exposure level of 1,4-dichlorohexafluorobutene-2 (RL316) in the air of the working area. FSUE RIHOPHE FMBA of Russia , prof. Radilov A.S. Saint-Petersburg, 2015 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Материалы по экспериментальному обоснованию ориентировочного безопасного уровня воздействия (ОБУВ) 1,4-дихлоргек-сафторбутена-2 (хладона RL316) в воздухе рабочей зоны // Отчет о НИР / ФГУП “НИИ ГПЭЧ" ФМБА России, рук. д.м.н., проф. Радилов А.С. Санкт-Петербург, 201б г.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">TruhautR., Boudene C., JouanyJ.M., Bouant A. Experimental study of the toxicity of a fluoroalkene derivative, the hexafluorodichlorobutene (HFCB). Fluoride. 1972; 5; 1: 4-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Truhaut R., Boudene C., Jouany J.M., BouantA. Experimental study of the</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Corrigan D.S., McHattie G.Y., Reventos J. Halothane and Dichlorohexafluorobutene. Brit. J. Anesthesia. 1963; 35: 824-825.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">toxicity of a fluoroalkene derivative, the hexafluorodichlorobutene (HFCB). Fluoride. 1972; 5; 1: 4-14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grushko Ya.M. Harmful organic compounds in industrial emissions. Leningrad: Khimiya. 1986.143 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Corrigan D.S., McHattie G.V., Reventos J. Halothane and Dichlorohexafluorobutene. Brit. J. Anesthesia. 1963; 35: 824-825.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muravieva S.I., Kaznina N.I., Prokhorova E.K. Handbook for the control of harmful substances in the air. Moscow: Khimiya. 1988.-143 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грушко Я.М. Вредные органические соединения в промышленных выбросах в атмосферу. Л.: Химия. - 1986. - 143 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FilovV.A. Harmful chemicals. Hydrocarbons, halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons: a handbook. Leningrad: Khimiya. 1990.-732 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Муравьева С.И., Казнина Н.И., Прохорова Е.К. Справочник по контролю вредных веществ в воздухе. М.: Химия. 1988.-143 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazarev N.V. Harmful chemicals. Organic compounds: Handbook. Leningrad: Khimiya. 1976; V.1.- 300 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филов В.А. Вредные химические вещества. Углеводороды, галогенпроизводные углеводородов: справ Л.: «Химия». 1990.-732 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayden P.J., Hayden P.J., Stevens J.L. Cysteine conjugate toxicity, metabolism, and binding to macromolecules in isolated rat kidney mitochondria. Mol. Pharm. 1990; 37: 468-476.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазарев, Н.В. Вредные химические вещества. Органические вещества: справ. / Лазарев Н.В. Л.: «Химия». - 1976. - Т. 1. - С. 300.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ukolov A.I., Orlova T.I., Migalovskaya E.D., Voitenko N.G., Goncharov N.V. Metabolomics: On the Way to an Integration of Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, and Informatics. Biol. Bulletin Reviews. 2015; 135; 1: 3-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayden P.J., Hayden P.J., Stevens J.L. Cysteine conjugate toxicity, metabolism, and binding to macromolecules in isolated rat kidney mitochondria. Mol. Pharm. 1990; 37: 468-476.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ukolov, A.I., Kessenikh, E.D., Radilov, A.S., Goncharov N.V. Toxicometabolomics: Identification of markers of chronic exposure to low doses of aliphatic hydrocarbons. J. Evol. Biochem. Phys. 2017; 53; 1: 24-32. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уколов А.И., Орлова Т.И., Мигаловская Е.Д., Войтенко Н.Г., Гончаров Н.В. Метаболомика: на пути интеграции биохимии, аналитической химии, информатики. Успехи современной биологии. 2015; 135; 1: 3-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orlova T.I., Ukolov A.I., Savelieva E.I., Radilov A.S. GC-MS quantification of free and es-terified fatty acids in blood plasma. Analitika i kontrol. 2015; 19(2): 183 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уколов А.И., Кессених Е.Д., Радилов А.С., Гончаров Н.В. Токсикометаболомика: поиск маркеров хронического воздействия низких концентраций алифатических углеводородов. Журнал эволюционной биохимии и физиологии. 2017; 53; 1: 24-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ukolov A.I., Orlova T.I., Savelieva E.I., Radilov A.S. Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Blood Plasma and Urine Using Extractive Alkylation. J. of Anal. Chemistry. 2015; 70(9): 968. (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Орлова Т.И., Уколов А.И., Савельева Е.И., Радилов А.С. Определение свободных и эте-рифицированных жирных кислот в плазме крови методом газовой хроматографии с масс-селективным детектированием. Аналитика и контроль. 2015; 19; 2: 183-188.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dekant W. Toxicology of Chlorofluorocarbon Replacements. Environ. Health Perspect. 1996; 104; 1: 75-83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уколов А.И., Орлова Т.И., Савельева Е.И., Радилов А.С. Хромато-масс-спектрометрическое определение свободных жирных кислот в плазме крови и моче с использованием экстрактивного алкилирования. Журнал аналитической химии. 2015; 70; 9: С. 968.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anders M.W. Metabolism and Toxicity of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons: Current Knowledge and Needs for the Future. Environ. Health Perspect. 1991; 96: 185-191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dekant W. Toxicology of Chlorofluorocarbon Replacements. Environ. Health Perspect. 1996; 104; 1: 75-83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dekant W., Vamvakas S., Berthold K., Schmidt S., Wild D., Henschler D. Bacterial-lyase mediated cleavage and mutagenicity of cysteine conjugates derived from the nephrocarcinogenic alkenes trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and hexachlorobutadiene. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1986; 60: 31-45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anders M.W. Metabolism and Toxicity of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons: Current Knowledge and Needs for the Future. Environ. Health Perspect. 1991; 96: 185-191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anders M.W., Lash L., Dekant W., Elfarra A.A., Dohn D.R. Biosynthesis and bioansformation of glutathione S-conjugates to toxic metabolites. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1988; 18: 311-341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dekant W., Vamvakas S., Berthold K., SchmidtS., Wild D., HenschlerD. Bacterial-lyase mediated cleavage and mutagenicity of cysteine conjugates derived from the nephrocarcinogenic alkenes trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and hexachlorobutadiene. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1986; 60: 31-45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dreehen B., Westphal G. Mutagenicity of the glutathione and cysteine S-conjugates of the haloalkenes 1,1,2-trichloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene and trichlorofluoroethene in the Ames test in comparison with the tetrachloroethene-analogues. Mut. Res. 2003; 539: 157-166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anders M.W., Lash L., Dekant W., Elfarra A.A., Dohn D.R. Biosynthesis and bioansformation of glutathione S-conjugates to toxic metabolites. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1988; 18: 311-341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lock E.A., Berndt W.O. Studies on the Mechanism of Nephrotoxicity and Nephrocarcinogenicity of Halogenated Alkenes. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1988; 19; 1: 23-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dreehen B., Westphal G. Mutagenicity of the glutathione and cysteine S-conjugates of the haloalkenes 1,1,2-trichloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene and trichlorofluoroethene in the Ames test in comparison with the tetrachloroethene-analogues. Mut. Res. 2003; 539: 157-166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacNichol D.D., Robertson D.D. New and unexpected reactivity of saturated fluorocarbons. Nature. 1988; 332: 59-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lock E.A., Berndt W.O. Studies on the Mechanism of Nephrotoxicity and Nephrocarcinogenicity of Halogenated Alkenes. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1988; 19; 1: 23-42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wkelman C., Kazis C. Recent advances in the chemistry ofhalogenofluorocabons. J. FluorineChem. 1986; 33: 347-359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacNichol D.D., Robertson D.D. New and unexpected reactivity of saturated fluorocarbons. Nature. 1988; 332: 59-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blair I.A. Analysis of endogenous glutathione-adducts and their metabolites. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2010; 24; 1: P. 29-38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wkelman C., Kazis C. Recent advances in the chemistry ofhalogenofluorocabons. J. FluorineChem. 1986; 33: 347-359.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blair I.A. Endogenous glutathione adducts. Curr. Drug Metab. 2006; 7; 8: 853-872.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blair I.A. Analysis of endogenous glutathione-adducts and their metabolites. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2010; 24; 1: P. 29-38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Awasthi Y.C., Sharma R., Yadav S., Dwivedi S., Sharma A., Awasthi S. The non-ABC drug transporter RLIP76 (RALBP-1) plays a major role in the mechanisms of drug resistance. Curr. Drug Metab. 2007; 8; 4: 315-323.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BlairI.A. Endogenous glutathione adducts. Curr. Drug Metab. 2006; 7; 8: 853-872.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Green T., Lee R., Farrar D., Hill J. Assessing the health risks following environmental exposure to hexachlorobutadiene. Toxicol Lett. 2003; 138; 1-2: 63-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Awasthi Y.C., Sharma R., YadavS., Dwivedi S., Sharma A., Awasthi S. The non-ABC drug transporter RLIP76 (RALBP-1) plays a major role in the mechanisms of drug resistance. Curr. Drug Metab. 2007; 8; 4: 315-323.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poet T.S., Wu H., Corley R.A., Thrall K.D. In vitro glutathione conjugation of methyl iodide in rat, rabbit, and human blood and tissues. Inhal. Toxicol. - 2009. - V. 21. - N. 6. - P. 524-530.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Green T., Lee R., Farrar D., Hill J. Assessing the health risks following environmental exposure to hexachlorobutadiene. Toxicol Lett. 2003; 138; 1-2: 63-73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Poet T.S., Wu H., Corley R.A., Thrall K.D. In vitro glutathione conjugation of methyl iodide in rat, rabbit, and human blood and tissues. Inhal. Toxicol. - 2009. - V. 21. - N. 6. - P. 524-530.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
