<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Toxicological Review</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Toxicological Review</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Токсикологический вестник</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-7922</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">641185</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36946/0869-7922-2020-2-3-9</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Prospects of the nasal spray in first aid tools for acute poisoning</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Перспективы назального спрея в арсенале средств первой помощи при острых отравлениях</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivnitsky</surname><given-names>Yu. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивницкий</surname><given-names>Ю. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Ivnitsky Yury Yurievich</bold></p><p><italic>192019, Saint Petersburg</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Ивницкий Юрий Юрьевич</bold>, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p><italic>192019, г. Санкт-Петербург</italic></p></bio><email>neugierig@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnov</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краснов</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Krasnov Konstantin Andrejevich</bold></p><p><italic>192019, Saint Petersburg</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Краснов Константин Андреевич</bold>, кандидат химических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p><italic>192019, г. Санкт-Петербург</italic></p></bio><email>krasnov_tox@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>М. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Ivanov Maksim Borisovich</bold></p><p><italic>192019, Saint Petersburg</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Иванов Максим Борисович,</bold> доктор медицинских наук, директор</p><p><italic>192019, г. Санкт-Петербург</italic></p></bio><email>m.b.ivanov@toxicology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rejniuk</surname><given-names>V. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рейнюк</surname><given-names>В. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Rejniuk Vladimir Leonidovich</bold></p><p><italic>192019, Saint Petersburg</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Рейнюк Владимир Леонидович</bold>, доктор медицинских наук, заместитель директора по научной работе</p><p><italic>192019, г. Санкт-Петербург</italic></p></bio><email>reiniuk.v.l@toxicology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golovko</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Головко</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Golovko Alexandr Ivanovich</bold></p><p><italic>192019, Saint Petersburg</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Головко Александр Иванович,</bold> доктор медицинских наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p><italic>192019, г. Санкт-Петербург</italic></p></bio><email>prgolovko@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Toxicology of the Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт токсикологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><issue>2</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-04"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Ivnitsky Y.Y., Krasnov K.A., Ivanov M.B., Rejniuk V.L., Golovko A.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Ивницкий Ю.Ю., Краснов К.А., Иванов М.Б., Рейнюк В.Л., Головко А.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivnitsky Y.Y., Krasnov K.A., Ivanov M.B., Rejniuk V.L., Golovko A.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ивницкий Ю.Ю., Краснов К.А., Иванов М.Б., Рейнюк В.Л., Головко А.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2023-05-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-7922/article/view/641185">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-7922/article/view/641185</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The purpose of this review is to substantiate approaches for improving first aid in acute poisoning. Early administration of medical agents to the victims is advisable, but in injectable dosage form is problematic. An alternative is a nasal spray – dosage form that is suitable for systemic administration of pharmaceutical substances with small molecular weight (up to 1000 Da) and moderate hydrophilicity (log P<sub>octano</sub><sub>l/w</sub><sub>ater</sub><sub> </sub>≥ 0), and a single dose of which can be contained in volume of up to 0, 3 ml. These criteria are met by the number of pharmaceutical substances used for the treatment of acute poisoning with substances that can form foci of mass destruction. This defines the perspective of nasal sprays as a medical device that allows to speed up, simplify and make it safer to use drugs when providing first aid in the centers of mass chemical destruction.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель обзора – обоснование подходов к совершенствованию первой помощи при острых отравлениях. Раннее введение лекарственных средств (ЛС) пострадавшим целесообразно, но в инъекционной лекарственной форме (ЛФ) проблематично. Альтернативой может служить назальный спрей (НС) – ЛФ, пригодная для системного введения фармацевтических субстанций (ФС) малой (до 1000 Да) молекулярной массы и умеренной (log <sub>Pоктанол/вода</sub> ≥ 0) гидрофильности, разовая доза которых может содержаться в объёме до 0,3 мл. Таким критериям отвечают ФС ряда ЛС, применяемых для лечения острых отравлений веществами, способными формировать очаги массового поражения. Это определяет перспективу НС как ЛФ, позволяющей ускорить, упростить и сделать более безопасным применение ЛС при оказании первой помощи в очагах массового химического поражения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute poisoning</kwd><kwd>first aid</kwd><kwd>medicine</kwd><kwd>dosage form</kwd><kwd>nasal spray</kwd><kwd>pharmaceutical substance</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острое отравление</kwd><kwd>первая помощь</kwd><kwd>лекарственное средство</kwd><kwd>лекарственная форма</kwd><kwd>назальный спрей</kwd><kwd>фармацевтическая субстанция</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostapenko Yu.N., Sencov V.G. The current state of morbidity and mortality in acute poisoning of chemical etiology in the Russian Federation. In.: Medical toxicology: a national guide. E.A. Luzhnikov, ed. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2012: 23-37 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Остапенко Ю.Н., Сенцов В.Г. Современное состояние заболеваемости и смертности населения при острых отравлениях химической этиологии в Российской Федерации. В кн.: Медицинская токсикология: национальное руководство. Е.А. Лужников, ред. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2012: 23-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kraeva Yu.V., Brusin K.M., Kondrashov D.L., Sencov V.G., Hovda K.E. Study of the structure of acute poisoning. Medline.Ru. 2013; 14: 750-61 (in Russian). Available at: http://www.medline.ru/public/art/tom14/art59.html</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Краева Ю.В., Брусин К.М., Кондрашов Д.Л., Сенцов В.Г., Hovda K.E. Исследование структуры острых отравлений. Medline.Ru. 2013; 14: 750-7 Available at: http://www.medline.ru/public/art/tom14/art59.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minullin I.P., ed. Providing medical care to patients with acute poisoning at the prehospital and early hospital stages. Educational-methodical manual. St. Petersburg: First St. Petersburg State Medical University named after acad. I.P. Pavlov; 2018 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минуллин И.П., ред. Оказание медицинской помощи больным с острыми отравлениями на догоспитальном и раннем госпитальном этапах. Учебно-методическое пособие. СПб.: Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова; 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marquis M. Traumatic shock in war wounds, observations analysis. Bull. Med. Soc. Chir. 1918; 44: 205 (in French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marquis, M. Da chock Tramatique dans les blessures de guerre, analysis d'observations. Bull. Med. Soc. Chir. 1918; 44: 205.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Negovskĳ V.A., ed. Fundamentals of enhancing transport and resuscitation. Moscow: Meditsina; 1975 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Неговский В.А., ред. Основы реаниматологии. М.: Медицина; 1975.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">On approval of the procedure for the provision of emergency, including specialized emergency medical care: Order No. 388n of June 20, 2013 / Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Об утверждении порядка оказания скорой, в том числе скорой специализированной, медицинской помощи: приказ от 20 июня 2013 г. № 388н Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bykov I.Yu., Rakov A.L., Sosyukin A.E.., ed. Field Therapy: National Guidelines. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2007 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Быков И.Ю., Раков А.Л., Сосюкин А.Е., ред. Военно-полевая терапия: национальное руководство. М.: ГЭОТАРМедиа; 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kraeva Yu.V. Development of scientific and organizational approaches to optimizing the treatment of patients with acute poisoning at the prehospital stage. Cand. med. sci. diss. Moscow: 2014 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Краева Ю.В. Разработка научноорганизационных подходов к оптимизации лечения больных с острыми отравлениями на догоспитальном этапе: Автореф. дис. ... канд. мед. наук. М.; 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ugwoke M., Verbeke N., Kinget R. The biopharmaceutical aspects of nasal mucoadhesive delivery. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2001; 53 (1): 3-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ugwoke M., Verbeke N., Kinget R. The biopharmaceutical aspects of nasal mucoadhesive delivery. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2001; 53 (1): 3-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Instructions for the maintenance and use of first-aid kits, emergency and emergency medical cabinets in military units and organizations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. July 4, 2014 M .: Main Military Medical Directora, 2014 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Инструкция по содержанию и использованию аптечек первой помощи, шкафов экстренной и неотложной медицинской помощи в воинских частях и организациях Вооружённых Сил Российской Федерации. 4 июля 2014 г. М.: ГВМУ; 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">On making amendments to the Order of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia of November 1, 2006 No. 633 and invalidating the Order of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia of May 25, 2007 No. 2Order of January 23, 2014 No. 23 of the Ministry of Emergencies of the Russian Federation (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">О внесении изменений в Приказ МЧС России от 1 ноября 2006 года № 633 и признании утратившим силу Приказа МЧС России от 25 мая 2007 года № 2 Приказ от 23 января 2014 г. № 23 МЧС РФ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komarov F.I. (ed.). Military medical training. Moscow: Meditsina; 1983 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Комаров Ф.И. (ред.). Военномедицинская подготовка. М.: Медицина; 1983.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Kozak R., Siegel S., Kuzma J. Rapid atropine synthesis for treatment of massive nerve agent exposure. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2003; 41 (5): 685-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Zaitchuk R. (ed.). Textbook of military medicine. Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Bethesda: University of the health Sciences; 1997.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lodyagin A.N., Batocyrenov B.V. The provision of medical care to patients with acute poisoning at the prehospital and early hospital stages: a training manual. St. Petersburg: First St. Petersburg State Medical University named after Acad. I.P. Pavlov, Research Institute of ambulance named after I.I. Janelidze; 2018 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лодягин А.Н., Батоцыренов Б.В. Оказание медицинской помощи больным с острыми отравлениями на догоспитальном и раннем госпитальном этапах: Учебно-методическое пособие. Спб.: Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова, НИИ скорой помощи им. И.И. Джанелидзе; 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Cooprider R.C., Corsette D.F. Dispensing pump valve structure: Patent US, N 3102489A; 1963.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Tong X., Dong J., Shang Y., Inthavong K., Tu J. Effects of nasal drug delivery device and its orientation on sprayed particle deposition in realistic human nasal cavity. Comput. Biol. Med. 2016; 77: 40-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivnitsky Ju.Ju. First aid for chemical weapons. In.: Chizh I.M., Shelepov A.M. (eds.). Textbook for Sanitary Instructor. Moscow: Military publishing house; 2002: 239-45 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивницкий Ю.Ю. Первая помощь при поражении химическим оружием. В кн.: Чиж И.М., Шелепов А.М. (ред.). Учебник санитарного инструктора. М.: Военное издательство; 2002: 239-245.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Kublik H., Vidgren M. Nasal delivery systems and their effect on deposition and absorption. Adv. DrugDel. Rev. 1998; 29: 157-177.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sciarra J.J.,CutieA.J. Aerosols. In: Gennaro A.R. (ed.). Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences. Easton: Mack Publishing Co.; 1990: 1694-1712.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sciarra J.J.,CutieA.J. Aerosols. In: Gennaro A.R., ed. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences. Easton: Mack Publishing Co.; 1990: 1694-1712.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chien,Y.W., Su K.S.E., Chang S.F. Anatomy and physiology of the nose. Nasal systemic drug delivery. New York: Dekker, 1989:1-26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chien,Y.W., Su K.S.E., Chang S.F. Anatomy and physiology of the nose. Nasal Systemic Drug Delivery. New York: Dekker, 1989: 1-26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bryanceva A.V. Clinical features of the implementation of the local action of rhinotropic drugs, taking into account the morphological and functional state of the nasal mucosa. Cand. med. sci. diss. Saransk; 2004 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Брянцева А.В. Клинические особенности реализации местного действия ринотропных лекарственных средств с учётом морфофункционального состояния слизистой оболочки полости носа: Автореф. дисс. … канд. мед. наук. Саранск; 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gajvoronskĳ I.V. Normal human anatomy. St. Petersburg: SpetsLit; 2016 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гайворонский И.В. Нормальная анатомия человека. Спб.: СпецЛит; 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gogin E.E., Emel'yanenko V.M., Beneckĳ B.A., Filatov V.N. Combined radiation damage. Moscow: PPO "Izvestiya", 2000 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гогин Е.Е., Емельяненко В.М., Бенецкий Б.А., Филатов В.Н. Сочетанные радиационные поражения. М.: ППО "Известия", 2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyata S. New aspects in fenestrated capillary and tissue dynamics in the sensory circumventricular organs of adult brains. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2015; 9: 3Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2015.00390/full (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyata S. New aspects in fenestrated capillary and tissue dynamics in the sensory circumventricular organs of adult brains. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2015; 9: 3Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2015.00390/full.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheglakova E.N. Variants of the anatomical structure of the sphenoid sinuses and their clinical significance. Cand. med. sci. diss. Kursk; 2011 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чеглакова Е.Н. Варианты анатомического строения клиновидных пазух и их клиническое значение: Автореф. дисс. … канд. мед. наук. Курск; 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Lee M.R., Jayant R.D. Penetration of the blood-brain barrier by peripheral neuropeptides: new approaches to enhancing transport and endogenous expression. Cell Tissue Res. 2019; 375 (1): 287-293.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanazawa T., Fukuda M., Suzuki N., Suzuki T. Novel methods for intranasal administration under inhalation anaesthesia to evaluate nose-to-brain drug delivery. J. Vis. Exp. 2018; 141: e584Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30507914l.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanazawa T., Fukuda M., Suzuki N., Suzuki T. Novel methods for intranasal administration under inhalation anaesthesia to evaluate nose-to-brain drug delivery. J. Vis. Exp. 2018; 141: e584 Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30507914l.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Ladel S., Flamm J., Zadeh A., Filzweiser D., Walter J., Schlossbauer P, Kinscherf R, Lischka K, Luksch H, Schindowski K. Allogenic Fc domain-facilitated uptake of IgG in nasal lamina propria: friend or foe for intranasal CNS delivery? Pharmaceutics. 2018; 10 (3): 1Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/phamaceutics10030107.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Guennoun R., Fréchou M., Gaignard P., Liere P., Slama A., Schumacher M, Denier C, Mattern C. Intranasal administration of progesterone: a potential efficient route of delivery for cerebroprotection after acute brain injuries. Neuropharmacology. 2019; 145 (Part B): 283-91.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Chatterjee B., Gorain B., Mohananaidu K., Sengupta P., Mandal U., Choudhury H. Targeted drug delivery to the brain via intranasal nanoemulsion: available proof of concept and existing challenges. Int. J. Pharm. 2019; 565: 258-68.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koolman J., Röhm K.H. Pocket Atlas of Biochemistry. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme publishing house; 1998 (in German).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koolman J., Röhm K.H. Taschenatlas der Biochemie. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag; 1998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Hussian A., Faraj J., Armaki Y., Truelove J. Hydrolysis of leucine enkefalin in the nasal cavity of the rat – a possible factor in the low bioawailability of nasally administered peptides. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1985; 133: 923-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Kaliner M., Marom Z., Patow C., Shelhamer J. Human respiratory mucus. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 1984; 73: 318-23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Baroody F.M. Anatomy and physiology. In: Naclerio R.M., Durham S.R., Migind N. (eds.). Rhinitis. Mechanisms and management. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1999: 1-22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Löbenberg R., Amidon G.L. Modern bioavailability, bioequivalence and biopharmaceutics classification system. New scientific approaches to international regulatory standards. Eur. J. Biopharm. 2000; 50 (1): 3-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Löbenberg R., Amidon G.L. Modern bioavailability, bioequivalence and biopharmaceutics classification system. New scientific approaches to international regulatory standards. Eur. J. Biopharm. 2000; 50(1): 3-12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>CDRR/FDA. Guidance for industry: waiver of in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for immadiate release dosage forms based on a biopharmaceutical classification system. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 2000.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samojlov V.O. Medical biophysics. 3-d ed. St.Petersburg: SpetsLit; 2013 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самойлов В.О. Медицинская биофизика. 3-е изд. СПб.: СпецЛит; 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivnitsky Ju.Ju., Krasnov K.A., Shäfer T.V. Composition for transdermal delivery of drugs to the body and dosage form based on it. Patent RF, N 2535095; 2014 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивницкий Ю.Ю., Краснов К. А., Шефер Т. В. Композиция для трансдермальной доставки в организм лекарственных веществ и лекарственная форма на её основе. Патент 2535095 Рос. Федерация, МПК С2 А61К 9/06 А61К 9/12 А61К 47/22 А61К 47/16; 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Lin H., Yoo J., Roh H., Lee M., Chung S., Shim C., Kim D. Transport of antiallergic drugs across the passage cultured human nasal epithelial cell monolayer. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2005; 26 (2): 203-10.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Karlsen A., Pedersen D., Trautner S., DahlJ., Hansen M. Safety of intranasal fentanyl in the out-of hospital setting: a prospective observational study. Annals Emerg. Med. 2014; 63 (6): 699-703.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Jiang L., Gao L., Wang X., Tang L., Ma J. The application of mucoadhesive polymers in nasal drug delivery. Drug Dev, Ind. Pharm. 2010; 36 (3): 323-36.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luzhnikov E.A. (ed.). Medical Toxicology: National Guidelines. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2012 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лужников Е.А. (ред.). Медицинская токсикология: национальное руководство. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonitenko Yu.Yu., Bonitenko E.Yu. The principal syndromes of acute poisoning. In.: Bonitenko E.Yu., Nikiforov A.M., eds. Chemical Emergencies. St. Petersburg.: Gippokrat, 2004: 51-130 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бонитенко Ю.Ю., Бонитенко Е.Ю. Основные синдромы острых отравлений. В кн.: Бонитенко Е.Ю., Никифоров А.М., ред. Чрезвычайные ситуации химической природы. СПб.: Гиппократ, 2004: 51-130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pluzhnikov N.N., CHepur S.V., Nechiporenko S.P., Petrov A.N., Shibanov E.A., Bykov V.N. et al. Guidelines for the preclinical study of the effectiveness and safety of drugs and their combinations with antidote properties. In.: Mironov A.N., Bunatyan N.D., Vasil'ev A.A., Zhuravlyova M.V., Lepahin V.K., Korobov N.V. et al. Preclinical Drug Research Guide. Part one. Moscow: Grif &amp; K.; 2012: 798-811 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Плужников Н.Н., Чепур С.В., Нечипоренко С.П., Петров А.Н., Шибанов Е.А., Быков В.Н. и др. Методические рекомендации по доклиническому изучению эффективности и безопасности лекарственных средств и их комбинаций, обладающих свойствами антидотов. В кн.: Миронов А. Н., Бунатян Н.Д., Васильев А. А.,</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivnitsky Ju.Ju., Legeza V.I., Bonitenko E.Yu., Rejnyuk V.L., Shäfer T.V., Krasnov K.A. Pharmaceutical prophylaxis of early manifestations of acute resorptive action of alkylating substances. Methodical recommendations Federal Biomedical Agency Russia 12.52.12-20Moscow, 2012 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журавлёва М.В., Лепахин В.К., Коробов Н.В. и др. Руководство по проведению доклинических исследований лекарственных средств. Часть первая. М.: Гриф и К.; 2012: 798-811.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chizh I.M., ed. Military Toxicology Guidelines. Moscow: Main military clinical hospital named after N.N. Burdenko; 2000 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивницкий Ю.Ю., Легеза В.И., Бонитенко Е.Ю., Рейнюк В.Л., Шефер Т.В., Краснов К.А. Медикаментозная профилактика ранних проявлений острого резорбтивного действия алкилирующих веществ. Методические рекомендации МР ФМБА России 12.52.12 -20М., 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krieter P.A., Chiang P.A., Gyaw S., McCann D.J. Cpmparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of naloxone following the use of FDA-approwed intranasal and intramuscular devises versus a common improvised nasal naloxone device. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2019; 59 (8): 1078-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чиж И.М., ред. Указания по военной токсикологии. М.: ГВКГ им. Н.Н. Бурденко; 2000. Krieter P.A., Chiang P.A., Gyaw S., McCann D.J. Cpmparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of naloxone following the use of FDA-approwed intranasal and intramuscular devises versus a common improvised nasal naloxone device. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2019; 59 (8): 1078-84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bariev E.A., Bubelo V.D., Lyapunov N.A. The pharmaceutical development of the domestic drug Naloxon Nasal Spray for emergency medical care as an antidote for acute poisoning (overdose) with opioids. Advances in Chemistry and Chemical Technology. 2015; 29 (10): 113-14 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бариев Э.А., Бубело В.Д., Ляпунов Н.А. Фармацевтическая разработка отечественного препарата «Налокон спрей назальный» для оказания экстренной медицинской помощи в качестве антидота при остром отравлении (передозировке) опиоидами. Успехи в химии и химической технологии. 2015; 29 (10): 113-14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
