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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Toxicological Review</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Toxicological Review</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Токсикологический вестник</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-7922</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">641490</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2023-31-4-232-236</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The development of pre-implantation mouse embryos under the influence of sublethal doses of cadmium chloride on the maternal organism</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Развитие доимплантационных зародышей мышей в условиях воздействия сублетальных доз хлорида кадмия на материнский организм</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-6920</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Noniashvili</surname><given-names>Ekaterina Mikhailovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нониашвили</surname><given-names>Екатерина Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>For correspondence: Ekaterina M. Noniashvili, PhD, Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular cytogenetics of mammalian development, Department of Molecular genetics, FSBSI «Institute of Experimental Medicine», 197022, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: katinka.04@list.ru</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 6602403829; Researcher ID: E-4173-2014;  e-Library SPIN: 1799-7736 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной цитогенетики развития млекопитающих отдела молекулярной генетики ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины», Санкт-Петербург, 197022, Российская Федерация.</p><p>e-mail: katinka.04@list.ru</p></bio><email>katinka.04@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">FSBSI «Institute of Experimental Medicine»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>232</fpage><lpage>236</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-04"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Noniashvili E.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Нониашвили Е.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Noniashvili E.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нониашвили Е.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-08-30"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-7922/article/view/641490">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-7922/article/view/641490</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Cadmium (CD) is a heavy metal widely distributed in the environment, when it enters the human body, it leads to the development of various diseases.</p><p><italic>The aim of this work</italic> was to study the effect of sublethal doses of cadmium chloride on the preimplantation development of mouse embryos <italic>in vivo</italic>.</p><p><bold>Material and methods.</bold> During the first three days of pregnancy, female mice were injected with 10 μM cadmium chloride (CdCl<sub>2</sub>). On the fourth day of the experiment, the embryos were explanted from the uterus and assessed development by the number of morules and blastocysts in each group and the number of blastomeres in the control and exposed embryos.</p><p><bold>Results.</bold> Embryos exposed to cadmium chloride in utero passed the initial stages of cleavage and blastocyst formation faster than the control embryos. At the blastocyst stage, the rate of cleavage of exposed and control embryos statistically did not differ.</p><p><bold>Limitations.</bold> The influence of the toxicant was assessed only on preimplantation mice embryos with intraperitoneal administration of the drug to mothers and in a single dose. Studies of mouse embryos at the postimplantation period of development would reveal in more detail the effect of the drug on embryogenesis.</p><p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Injections of sublethal doses of cadmium chloride to female mice at the debut of pregnancy force the development of embryos to the blastocyst stage.</p><p><bold>Compliance with ethical standards.</bold> The conducted studies met the requirements of the Ethical Committee for the Use of Laboratory Animals, adopted by the Local Ethical Committee of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “IEM”, protocol No. 2/21 dated May 27, 2021.</p><p><bold>Conflict of interest.</bold> The author declare no conflict of interest.</p><p><bold>Funding.</bold> The study was not sponsored.</p><p>Received: April 24, 2023 / Accepted: July 29, 2023 / Published: August 30, 2023</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Кадмий — тяжёлый металл, широко распространённый в окружающей среде, попадая в организм человека приводит к развитию различных заболеваний.</p><p><italic>Цель работы</italic> — исследование влияния сублетальных доз хлорида кадмия на доимплантационное развитие мышиных эмбрионов <italic>in vivo</italic>.</p><p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Самкам мышей в течение первых трёх дней беременности вводили по 10 μМ хлорида кадмия (CdCl<sub>2</sub>). На четвёртый день эксперимента зародышей извлекали из утробы матери и оценивали развитие по количеству морул и бластоцист в каждой группе и среднему количеству бластомеров в контрольных и экспонированных зародышах.</p><p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Зародыши, подвергавшиеся воздействию CdCl<sub>2</sub> в утробе матери, быстрее проходили начальные стадии дробления и формирования бластоцисты по сравнению с контрольными зародышами. На стадии бластоцисты темп дробления экспонированных и контрольных зародышей статистически не отличался.</p><p><bold>Ограничения исследования.</bold> Оценка влияния токсиканта проведена только на доимплантационных зародышах мышей при интраперитониальном введении препарата матерям и в одной дозе. Исследования зародышей мышей на постимплантационном сроке развития позволили бы детальнее раскрыть действие препарата на эмбриогенез.</p><p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Инъекции сублетальных доз CdCl<sub>2</sub> самкам мышей в дебюте беременности ускоряют развитие зародышей до стадии бластоцисты.</p><p><bold>Соблюдение этических стандартов.</bold> Проведенные исследования соответствовали требованиям Этического комитета по использованию лабораторных животных, принятым Локальным этическим комитетом ФГБНУ «ИЭМ», выписка из протокола № 2/21 от 27.05.2021.</p><p><bold>Конфликт интересов.</bold> Автор заявляет об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p><p><bold>Финансирование.</bold> Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p><p>Поступила в редакцию: 24 апреля 2023 / Принята к печати:  29 июля 2023 / Опубликована: 30 августа 2023</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cadmium chloride</kwd><kwd>preimplantation mouse embryos</kwd><kwd>in vivo</kwd><kwd>blastomeres</kwd><kwd>morula</kwd><kwd>blastocysts</kwd><kwd>cavitation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хлорид кадмия</kwd><kwd>доимплантационные зародыши мыши</kwd><kwd>in vivo</kwd><kwd>бластомеры</kwd><kwd>морулы</kwd><kwd>бластоцисты</kwd><kwd>кавитация</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang J., Tian Y., Wang W., Ouyang F., Xu J., Yu X., Luo Z., Jiang F., Huang H., Shen X. 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