<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Toxicological Review</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Toxicological Review</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Токсикологический вестник</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-7922</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">641503</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2023-31-6-363-375</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">pdrhid</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative analysis of cytology of rat bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after single exposure to metal oxide nanoparticles</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительный анализ цитологических показателей жидкости бронхоальвеолярного лаважа крыс после однократного воздействия металооксидных наночастиц</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0927-4062</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klinova</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клинова</surname><given-names>Светлана Владиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers of Rospotrebnadzor, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: klinova.svetlana@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, г. Екатеринбург, Российская Федерация</p><p>e-mail: <underline>klinova.svetlana@gmail.com</underline></p></bio><email>klinova.svetlana@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-7642</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sutunkova</surname><given-names>Marina P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сутункова</surname><given-names>Марина Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, director of The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection of Industrial Workers of Rospotrebnadzor, 620014, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: sutunkova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, директор ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: sutunkova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email>sutunkova@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-7845</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Minigalieva</surname><given-names>Ilzira A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минигалиева</surname><given-names>Ильзира Амировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head of the Department of Toxicology and Bioprevention of The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection of Industrial Workers of Rospotrebnadzor, 620014, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ilzira-ilzira@ymrc.ru  </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>LДоктор биологических наук, заведующая отделом токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ilzira-ilzira@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email>ilzira-ilzira@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-0479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabova</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябова</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Laboratory of Scientific Fundamentals of Bioprevention of The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection of Industrial Workers of Rospotrebnadzor, 620014, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ryabova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заведующая лабораторией научных основ биопрофилактики ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ryabova@ymrc.ru  </p></bio><email>ryabova@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9384-8550</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tazhigulova</surname><given-names>Anastasiya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тажигулова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Scientific Fundamentals of Bioprevention of The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection of Industrial Workers of Rospotrebnadzor, 620014, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: tazhigulovaav@ymrc.ru  </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник лаборатории научных основ биопрофилактики ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: tazhigulovaav@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email>tazhigulovaav@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1442-6737</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Privalova</surname><given-names>Larisa I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Привалова</surname><given-names>Лариса Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, professor, Chief Researcher of Department of Toxicology and Bioprevention of The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection of Industrial Workers of Rospotrebnadzor, 620014, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: privalovali@yahoo.com </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник отдела токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: privalovali@yahoo.com</p></bio><email>privalovali@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection of Industrial Workers</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>363</fpage><lpage>375</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-04"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Klinova S.V., Sutunkova M.P., Minigalieva I.A., Ryabova Y.V., Tazhigulova A.V., Privalova L.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Клинова С.В., Сутункова М.П., Минигалиева И.А., Рябова Ю.В., Тажигулова А.В., Привалова Л.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Klinova S.V., Sutunkova M.P., Minigalieva I.A., Ryabova Y.V., Tazhigulova A.V., Privalova L.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Клинова С.В., Сутункова М.П., Минигалиева И.А., Рябова Ю.В., Тажигулова А.В., Привалова Л.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-12-29"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-7922/article/view/641503">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-7922/article/view/641503</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>Human production activities (metallurgical, mining, electronics production and processing, batteries) are related to air pollution of the working area and the environments of complex composition aerosols. Among the aerosol components, ultrathin particles of the nanometer range (including metal nano-oxides) are considered to be the most dangerous. Due to their prevalence, study to assess the cytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles are relevant.</p><p><bold>Material and methods.</bold> CuO, PbO, CdO, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, NiO nanoparticle (NP) suspension were obtained by laser ablation. The study was done on white outbred female rats. A single intratracheal instillation of different chemical NPs was performed (in dose 0.5 mg/animal); control animals received a similar amount of deionized water. A day after the NP instillation bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was carried out with the subsequent assessment of its cytological indices.</p><p><bold>Results. </bold>The cytotoxic action of the studied NPs, based on the cytological indices of the BAL fluid, is changed as follows (from greater to lesser): CuO NP &gt; CdO NP &gt; PbO NP &gt; NiO NP &gt; Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NP.</p><p><bold>Limitations.</bold> Such physical characteristics of nanoparticles as solubility in water and biological fluids, charge, adsorption capacity, resistance to aggregation, hydrophobicity, adhesion to surfaces, and the ability to generate free radicals have not been studied. Extrapolation of data from rodents to humans shall be done with caution, since cytotoxicity has been characterized only based on the main cellular parameters.</p><p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology can be used as an effective screening method for the cytotoxic effect of NPs.</p><p><bold>Compliance with ethical standards.</bold> The animal study protocols were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (Protocol No. 2 of April 20, 2020).</p><p><bold>Contribution of the authors:</bold><italic>Sutunkova M.P., Minigalieva I.A., Privalova L.I.</italic> — the concept and design of the study, editing;<italic>Klinova S.V., Ryabova Yu.V.</italic> — conducting a study, the collection and processing of the material, writing text, editing;<italic>Tazhigulova A.V.</italic> — conducting a study, the collection and processing of the material, editing.<italic>All co-authors</italic> — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.</p><p><bold>Acknowledgment. </bold>Authors express their gratitude to the team of the Ural Center for Collective Use “Modern Nanotechnologies” of the Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin and personally to the director of the Ural Center for Collective Use “Modern Nanotechnologies”, professor, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences Vladimir Yakovlevich Shur, for the synthesis of suspensions, studied nanoparticles of a given characteristic on the basis of the “Modern Nanotechnologies” center.</p><p><bold>Conflict of interests.</bold> The authors declare no conflict of interests.</p><p><bold>Funding.</bold> The study had no sponsorship.</p><p>Date of receipt: May 18, 2023 / Date of acceptance for printing: December 3, 2023 / Date of publication: December 29, 2023</p><p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Производственная деятельность человека (металлургическая и горнодобывающая промышленность, производство и переработка электроники, аккумуляторов) связана с загрязнением воздуха рабочей зоны и среды обитания аэрозолями сложного состава. Наиболее опасными среди компонентов таких аэрозолей считаются ультрамалые частицы нанометрового диапазона, в том числе нанооксиды металлов. В связи с их распространенностью исследования по оценке цитотоксичности металлооксидных наночастиц являются актуальными.</p><p><bold>Материал и методы. </bold>Суспензии наночастиц (НЧ) CuO, PbO, CdO, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, NiO были получены методом лазерной абляции. Исследования проводились на белых аутбредных крысах-самках. Проведена однократная интратрахеальная инстилляция НЧ различной химической природы в дозе 0,5 мг/животное; контрольные животные получали аналогичный объем деионизированной воды. Через 1 сут после введения НЧ у животных проводился бронхоальвеолярный лаваж (БАЛ) с последующей оценкой его цитологических показателей.</p><p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Цитотоксическое действие исследованных НЧ, исходя из цитологических параметров жидкости БАЛ, изменяется следующим образом (от большего к меньшему): НЧ CuO &gt; НЧ CdO &gt; НЧ PbO &gt; НЧ NiO &gt; НЧ Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</p><p><bold>Ограничения исследования. </bold>Такие физические характеристики наночастиц, как растворимость в воде и биологических жидкостях, заряд, адсорбционная способность, устойчивость к агрегации, гидрофобность, адгезия к поверхности, способность генерировать свободные радикалы, не были изучены. Экстраполяцию данных от грызунов на человека следует проводить с осторожностью, поскольку цитотоксичность охарактеризована только на основе цитологических показателей.</p><p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Таким образом, сравнительный анализ изменений цитологических показателей бронхоальвеолярного лаважа может быть использован как эффективный скрининговый метод цитотоксического действия НЧ.</p><p><bold>Соблюдение этических стандартов.</bold> Работа одобрена Локальным независимым этическим комитетом ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора (протокол № 2 от 20.04.2020).</p><p><bold>Участие авторов:</bold><italic>Сутункова М.П., Минигалиева И.А., Привалова Л.И.</italic> — концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование;<italic>Клинова С.В., Рябова Ю.В.</italic> — проведение эксперимента, сбор и обработка материала, написание текста, редактирование;<italic>Тажигулова А.В.</italic> — проведение эксперимента, сбор и обработка материала, редактирование.<italic>Все соавторы</italic> — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p><p><bold>Благодарность.</bold> Авторы выражают благодарность коллективу Уральского центра коллективного пользования «Современные нанотехнологии» Уральского федерального университета имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина и лично директору УЦКП СН, профессору, д.ф-м.н. Шуру Владимиру Яковлевичу за синтез суспензий, исследованных наночастиц заданной характеристики на базе УЦКП СН УрФУ.</p><p><bold>Конфликт интересов.</bold> Авторы заявляют, что у них нет конфликта интересов.</p><p><bold>Финансирование. </bold>Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p><p>Дата поступления: 18 мая 2023 / Дата принятия в печать: 03 декабря 2023 / Дата публикации: 29 декабря 2023</p><p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>metal oxide nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>cytotoxicity</kwd><kwd>intratracheal instillation</kwd><kwd>rats</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>металооксидные наночастицы</kwd><kwd>цитотоксичность</kwd><kwd>интратрахеальное ведение</kwd><kwd>крысы</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Privalova L.I., Katsnelson B.A., Loginova N.V., Gurvich V.B., Shur V.Y., Valamina I.E., et al. Subchronic toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles and its attenuation with the help of a combination of bioprotectors. Int J Mol Sci. 2014, 15(7): 12379-406.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Sukhanova A., Bozrova S., Sokolov P., Berestovoy M., Karaulov A., Nabiev I. Dependence of Nanoparticle Toxicity on Their Physical and Chemical Properties. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2018; 13(1): 44.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Darquenne C. Aerosol deposition in health and disease. J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug. Deliv. 2012; 25(3): 140–7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Prasad R.Y., McGee J.K., Killius M.G., Suarez D.A., Blackman C.F., DeMarini D.M., et al. Investigating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses elicited by silver nanoparticles using high-throughput reporter genes in HepG2 cells: effect of size, surface coating, and intracellular uptake. Toxicol. In Vitro. 2013; 27(6): 2013–21.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Huang Y.W., Cambre M., Lee H.J. The Toxicity of Nanoparticles Depends on Multiple Molecular and Physicochemical Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(12): 2702.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Wu Y., Wang M., Luo S., Gu Y., Nie D., Xu Z., et al. Comparative Toxic Effects of Manufactured Nanoparticles and Atmospheric Particulate Matter in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020; 18(1): 22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Lin W., Huang Y.W., Zhou X.D., Ma Y. In vitro toxicity of silica nanoparticles in human lung cancer cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2006; 217(3): 252–9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Xie S., Zhu J., Yang D., Xu Y., Zhu J., He D. Low Concentrations of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Cause Severe Cytotoxicity Through Increased Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2021; 17(12): 2420–32.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Lai X., Wei Y., Zhao H., Chen S., Bu X., Lu F., et al. The effect of Fe2O3 and ZnO nanoparticles on cytotoxicity and glucose metabolism in lung epithelial cells. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2015; 35(6): 651–64.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang X., Zhang H., Liang X., Zhang J., Tao W., Zhu X., et al. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Autophagosome Accumulation through Multiple Mechanisms: Lysosome Impairment, Mitochondrial Damage, and ER Stress. Mol. Pharmaceutics. 2016; 13(7): 2578–87.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Liu N., Guan Y., Zhou C., Wang Y., Ma Z., Yao S. Pulmonary and Systemic Toxicity in a Rat Model of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Induced by Indium-Tin Oxide Nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2022; 17: 713–31.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Lai X., Zhao H., Zhang Y., Guo K., Xu Y., Chen S., et al. Intranasal Delivery of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Induces Pulmonary Toxicity and Fibrosis in C57BL/6 mice. Sci. Rep. 2018; 8(1): 4499.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Sutunkova M.P., Solovyeva S.N., Minigalieva I.A., Gurvich V.B., Valamina I.E., Makeyev O.H., et al. Toxic Effects of Low-Level Long-Term Inhalation Exposures of Rats to Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019; 20(7): 1778.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Dumková J., Smutná T., Vrlíková L., Le Coustumer P., Večeřa Z., Dočekal B., et al. Sub-chronic inhalation of lead oxide nanoparticles revealed their broad distribution and tissue-specific subcellular localization in target organs. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2017; 14: 55.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Morimoto Y., Izumi H., Yoshiura Y., Tomonaga T., Lee B.W., Okada T., et al. Comparison of pulmonary inflammatory responses following intratracheal instillation and inhalation of nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology. 2016; 10(5): 607–18.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Grommes J., Soehnlein O. Contribution of neutrophils to acute lung injury. Mol. Med. 2011; 17 (3–4): 293–307.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Privalova L.I., Katsnelson B.A., Osipenko A.B., Yushkov B.N., Babushkina L.G. Response of a phagocyte cell system to products of macrophage breakdown as a probable mechanism of alveolar phagocytosis adaptation to deposition of particles of different cytotoxicity. Environ. Health Perspect. 1980; 35: 205–18.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Chaudhary R.G., Bhusari G.S., Tiple A.D., Rai A.R., Somkuvar S.R., Potbhare A.K., et al. Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Toxicity, Applications, and Future Prospects. Curr Pharm Des. 2019; 25(37): 4013–29.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Karlsson H.L., Cronholm P., Gustafsson J., Möller L. Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: a comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2008; 21(9): 1726–32.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Pohanka M. Copper and copper nanoparticles toxicity and their impact on basic functions in the body. Bratisl. Lek. Listy. 2019; 120(6): 397–409.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Kwon J.T., Kim Y., Choi S., Yoon B.L., Kim H.S., Shim I., et al. Pulmonary Toxicity and Proteomic Analysis in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluids and Lungs of Rats Exposed to Copper Oxide Nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022; 23(21): 13265.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Cuillel M., Chevallet M., Charbonnier P., Fauquant C., Pignot-Paintrand I., Arnaud J., et al. Interference of CuO nanoparticles with metal homeostasis in hepatocytes under sub-toxic conditions. Nanoscale. 2014; 6: 1707–15.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health (IDLH) Values. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/intridl4.html (accessed on 29 December 2022).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Jeong M.J., Jeon S., Yu H.S., Cho W.S., Lee S., Kang D., et al. Exposure to Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Induces Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Responses in Rat Lungs and Perturbs the Lung Microbiome. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 2022; 19(1): 522.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Bai K.J., Chuang K.J., Chen J.K., Hua H.E., Shen Y.L., Liao W.N., et al. Investigation into the pulmonary inflammopathology of exposure to nickel oxide nanoparticles in mice. Nanomedicine. 2018; 14(7): 2329–39.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Mo Y., Zhang Y., Wan R., Jiang M., Xu Y., Zhang Q. miR-21 mediates nickel nanoparticle-induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis. Nanotoxicology. 2020; 14(9): 1175–97.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Lee S., Hwang S.H., Jeong J., Han Y., Kim S.H., Lee D.K. et al. Nickel oxide nanoparticles can recruit eosinophils in the lungs of rats by the direct release of intracellular eotaxin. Particle and fibre toxicology. 2016; 13(1): 30.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou Y.M., Zhong C.Y., Kennedy I.M., Pinkerton K.E. Pulmonary responses of acute exposure to ultrafine iron particles in healthy adult rats. Environ. Toxicol. 2003; 18(4): 227–35.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Teeguarden J.G., Mikheev V.B., Minard K.R., Forsythe W.C., Wang W., Sharma G., et al. Comparative iron oxide nanoparticle cellular dosimetry and response in mice by the inhalation and liquid cell culture exposure routes. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2014; 11: 46.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Guo C., Weber R.J.M., Buckley A., Mazzolini J., Robertson S., Delgado-Saborit J.M., et al. Environmentally Relevant Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Produce Limited Acute Pulmonary Effects in Rats at Realistic Exposure Levels. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021; 22(2): 556.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
