<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Radiation biology. Radioecology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Radiation biology. Radioecology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Радиационная биология. Радиоэкология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-8031</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5898</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">661110</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0869803123040057</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">VQBKVI</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>РАДИАЦИОННАЯ ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Радиационная эпидемиология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cataractogenic Effects щf Low-Dose Radiation цith Low Let: More not Than There. Report 2. Epidemiological Studies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Катарактогенные эффекты малых доз радиации с низкой ЛПЭ: скорее нет, чем есть. Сообщение 2. Эпидемиологические исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koterov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котеров</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>govorilga@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushenkova</surname><given-names>L. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушенкова</surname><given-names>Л. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>govorilga@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГНЦ РФ – Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-07-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>63</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>355</fpage><lpage>386</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-25"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, А.Н. Котеров, Л.Н. Ушенкова</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, А.Н. Котеров, Л.Н. Ушенкова</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">А.Н. Котеров, Л.Н. Ушенкова</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">А.Н. Котеров, Л.Н. Ушенкова</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8031/article/view/661110">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8031/article/view/661110</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p id="idm45181321694784">Radiation damage to the lens is considered to be the third most important effect of radiation, after mortality from cancer and diseases of the circulatory system (ICRP-118). In terms of the effects of low dose radiation with low LET (up to 100 mGy), interest in the problem of cataractogenic disorders is growing, although there is no clarification of the issue. In the present study, two reports attempt to fill this gap. Report 1 reviewed the work on cataractogenic effects of the lowest doses of radiation with low LET in experiments <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> and concluded that there was no significant confirmation of them in animal experiments; Report 2 presents the results of epidemiological studies relevant to the problem. Data are presented on the uncertainties associated with such epidemiological studies: the ambiguity of the relationship between disorders in the lens and the formation of cataracts, their dependence on age, as well as the dependence of the estimation on the accepted system for classifying opacities. These uncertainties have had the consequence that since 1977 the ICRP has proposed five successively decreasing threshold doses (limits) for lens disorders. The dose patterns for radiogenic damage to the lens in the nine exposed groups mentioned in the reviews are considered: victims of atomic bombings (LSS), liquidators of the Chernobyl accident, medical radiologists (rentgenologists, technologists), patients after computed tomography and radiotherapy, industrial radiographers, nuclear industry workers, residents living with an increased radiation background (natural and man-made), for cosmonauts/astronauts and pilots. For some groups, there were statements about the effects of low doses of radiation, however, the presence of a number of epidemiological uncertainties (reverse causality in diagnostic exposure, the contribution of radiation with high LET, UV and solar radiation in cosmonauts/astronauts and pilots, doses above 100 mGy for the upper limit of the studied range in residents, etc.) do not allow us to consider these statements as proven. Therefore, for most exposed groups, a threshold of 300 mGy should be adhered to, regardless of acute or chronic exposure, according to ICRP-118, although due to the precautionary principle, based on the data discussed in Reports 1 and 2, the limit can be reduce to 200 mGy. Exceptions are medical radiologists (rentgenologists, technologists) and industrial radiographers, for whom the cataractogenic effects of low doses (several tens of milligray; working minimum – 20 mGy) can be real. This is probably due to the direct involvement of the organ of vision in professional manipulations with radiation. It is concluded that it is expedient to limit ourselves to these two groups in the future when studying radiogenic disorders in the lens after exposure to low doses of low-LET radiation, while the other groups are unpromising in this regard.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p id="idm45181321689824">Лучевые нарушения в хрусталике рассматриваются как третьи по значимости эффекты облучения, вслед за смертностью от рака и болезней системы кровообращения (МКРЗ-118). В аспекте эффектов малых доз излучения с низкой ЛПЭ (до 100 мГр) интерес к проблеме катарактогенных нарушений нарастает, хотя прояснение вопроса отсутствует. В настоящем исследовании из двух сообщений сделана попытка заполнить указанный пробел. В Сообщении 1 был выполнен обзор работ по катарактогенным эффектам наименьших доз радиации с низкой ЛПЭ в экспериментах <italic>in vitro</italic> и <italic>in vivo</italic> и сделан вывод об отсутствии их весомого подтверждения в опытах на животных; в Сообщении 2 представлены результаты эпидемиологических исследований, имеющих отношение к проблеме. Приведены данные по неопределенностям, сопутствующим таким эпидемиологическим исследованиям: неоднозначность связи между нарушениями в хрусталике и формированием катаракт, зависимость их от возраста, а также зависимость оценки от принятой системы классификации помутнений. Эти неопределенности имели следствием то, что МКРЗ с 1977 г. было предложено пять последовательно уменьшающихся пороговых доз (лимитов) для нарушений в хрусталике. Рассмотрены дозовые закономерности применительно к катарактогенным нарушениям для упоминающихся в обзорах девяти облученных групп: пострадавших от атомных бомбардировок (LSS), ликвидаторов аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС, медицинских радиологов (рентгенологов, технологов), пациентов после компьютерной томографии и радиотерапии, индустриальных радиографистов, работников ядерной индустрии, резидентов, проживающих при повышенном радиационном фоне (естественном и антропогенным), для космонавтов/астронавтов и пилотов. Для некоторых групп имелись утверждения об эффектах малых доз радиации, однако наличие ряда эпидемиологических неопределенностей (обратная причинность при диагностическом облучении, вклад радиации с высокой ЛПЭ, УФ и солнечного излучения у космонавтов/астронавтов и пилотов, дозы свыше 100 мГр для верхней границы изученного диапазона у резидентов и пр.) не позволяют рассматривать эти утверждения как доказанные. Поэтому для большинства облученных групп следует придерживаться порога в 300 мГр безотносительно, согласно МКРЗ-118, острого или хронического облучения, хотя из-за предупредительного принципа, на основании данных, рассмотренных в Сообщениях 1 и 2, лимит можно снизить до 200 мГр. Исключениями являются медицинские радиологи (рентгенологи, технологи) и промышленные радиографисты, для которых катарактогенные эффекты малых доз (в несколько десятков миллигрей; рабочий минимум – 20 мГр) могут быть реальны. Это обусловлено, вероятно, непосредственным задействованием органа зрения в профессиональных манипуляциях с облучением. Сделан вывод, что именно этими двумя группами целесообразно ограничиться в будущем при исследовании радиогенных нарушений в хрусталике после облучения в малых дозах радиацией с низкой ЛПЭ, а остальные группы в этом плане бесперспективны.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lens disorders</kwd><kwd>cataracts</kwd><kwd>low LET ionizing radiation</kwd><kwd>low doses</kwd><kwd>epidemiological studies</kwd><kwd>medical radiologists</kwd><kwd>industrial radiographers</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нарушения в хрусталике</kwd><kwd>катаракты</kwd><kwd>ионизирующее излучение с низкой ЛПЭ</kwd><kwd>малые дозы</kwd><kwd>эпидемиологические исследования</kwd><kwd>медицинские радиологи</kwd><kwd>промышленные радиографисты</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>UNSCEAR 2010. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annex. Fifty-seventh session, includes Scientific Report: summary of low-dose radiation effects on health. New York, 2011. 106 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>ICRP Publication 103. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Annals of the ICRP / Ed. J. Valentin. Amsterdam–New York: Elsevier, 2007. 329 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>ICRP Publication 118. ICRP Statement on tissue reactions and early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs – threshold doses for tissue reactions in a radiation protection context. Annals of the ICRP / Ed. by C. H. Clement. Amsterdam–New York: Elsevier, 2012. 325 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Kleiman N.J. Radiation cataract // Ann. ICRP. 2012. V. 41. № 3–4. P. 80–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icrp.2012.06.018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation protection and safety of radiation sources: international basic safety standards.; Safety Standards. Series No GSR Part 3.: Vienna: IAEA, 2014. 437 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Broughton J., Cantone M.C., Ginjaume M., Shah B., Czarwinski R. Implications of the implementation of the revised dose limit to the lens of the eye: the view of IRPA professionals // Ann. ICRP. 2015. V. 44. № 1. Suppl. 1. P. 138–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645314562325</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Dauer L.T., Ainsbury E.A., Dynlacht J. et al. Guidance on radiation dose limits for the lens of the eye: overview of the recommendations in NCRP Commentary No. 26 // Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2017. V. 93. № 10. P. 1015–1023. https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2017.1304669</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Dauer L., Blakely E., Brooks A., Hoel D. Epidemiology and mechanistic effects of radiation on the lens of the eye: review and scientific appraisal of the literature // Electric Power Research Institute. Technical Report. 3002003162. Final Report. Newburgh: NY, 2014. 142 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Leveraging Advances in Modern Science to Revitalize Low-Dose Radiation Research in the United States. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board; Committee on Develo-ping a Long-Term Strategy for Low-Dose Radiation Research in the United States. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 2022. 342 p. https://doi.org/10.17226/26434</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н. Катарактогенные эффекты малых доз радиации с низкой ЛПЭ: скорее нет, чем есть. Сообщение 1. Постановка проблемы и эксперименты на животных // Радиац. биология. Радиоэкология. 2023. Т. 63. № 4. С. 341–354. [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N. Cataractogenic effects of low-dose radiation with low LET: more not than there. Report 1. Statement of the problem and experiments on animals // Radiats. Biol. Radioecol. (“Radiation biology. Radioecology”, Moscow). 2023. V. 63. № 4. P. 341–354. (In Russ. Engl. abstr.) https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869803123040045</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н. От очень малых до очень больших доз радиации: новые данные по установлению диапазонов и их экспериментально-эпидемиологические обоснования // Мед. радиология и радиац. безопасность. 2013. Т. 58. № 2. С. 5–21. [Koterov A.N. From very low to very large doses of radiation: new data on ranges definitions and its experimental and epidemiological basing // Medits. Radiologiia Radiat. Bezopasnost (Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety; Moscow). 2013. V. 58. № 2. P. 5–21.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н., Бирюков А.П., Самойлов А.С. Вопрос о наступлении “Новой эры” в эпидемиологии малых доз радиации (обзор) // Саратовский науч.-мед. журн. 2016. Т. 12. № 4. С. 654–662. [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N., Biryukov A.P., Samoilov A.S. The question of a “New Era in the low Dose Radiation Epidemiology” approach (review) // Saratovskiy nauchno-meditsinskiy zhurnal (Saratov Journal of Medical Scientific Research). 2016. V. 12. № 4. P. 654–662.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н., Бирюков А.П. Критерий Хилла “Биологическое правдоподобие”. Интеграция данных из различных дисциплин в эпидемиологии и радиационной эпидемиологии // Радиац. биология. Радиоэкология. 2020. Т. 60. № 5. С. 453–480. [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N., Biryukov A.P. Hill’s criteria “Biological plausibility”. The data integration from different disciplines in Epidemiology and Radiation Epidemiology // Radiats. Biol. Radioecol. (“Radiation biology. Radioecology”, Moscow). 2020. V. 60. № 5. P. 453–480.]. (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869803120050069</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N., Biryukov A.P. Hill’s “Biological Plausibility” criterion: integration of data from various disciplines for epidemiology and radiation epidemiology // Biol. Bull. 2021. V. 48. № 11. P. 1991–2014. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359021110054</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Rajabi A.B., Noohi F., Hashemi H. et al. Ionizing radiation-induced cataract in interventional cardiology staff // Res. Cardiovasc. Med. 2015. V. 4. № 1. Article e25148. 6 p. https://doi.org/10.5812/cardiovascmed.25148</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Andreassi M.G., Piccaluga E., Guagliumi G., Del Greco M., Gaita F., Picano E. Occupational health risks in cardiac catheterization laboratory workers // Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2016. V. 9. Art. e003273. 9 p. https://doi.org/10.1161/circinterventions.115.003273</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Klein B.E., Klein R.E., Moss S.E. Exposure to diagnostic X-rays and incident age-related eye disease // Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2000. V. 7. № 1. P. 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1076/0928-6586(200003)711-2FT061</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Yuan M.-K., Tsai D.-C., Chang S.-C. et al. The risk of cataract associated with repeated head and neck CT studies: a nationwide population-based study // AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2013. V. 201. № 3. P. 626–630. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.12.9652</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Weinstein O., Sade M.Y., Shelef I. et al. The association between exposure to radiation and the incidence of cata-ract // Int. Ophthalmol. 2021. V. 41. № 1. P. 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-020-01572-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Ong H.S., Evans J.R., Allan B.D.S. Accommodative intraocular lens versus standard monofocal intraocular lens implantation in cataract surgery // Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014. V. 5. Art. CD009667. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009667.pub2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Roodhooft J.M.J. Leading causes of blindness worldwide // Bull. Soc. Belge Ophtalmol. 2002. № 283. P. 19–25.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Hammer G.P., Scheidemann-Wesp U., Samkange-Zeeb F. et al. Occupational exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation and cataract development: a systematic literature review and perspectives on future studies // Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 2013. V. 52. № 3. P. 303–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-013-0477-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Ainsbury E.A., Barnard S., Bright S., Dalke C., Jarrin M., Kunze S et al. Ionizing radiation induced cataracts: recent biological and mechanistic developments and perspectives for future research // Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res. 2016. V. 770. Pt. B. P. 238–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.07.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Hamada N., Fujimichi Y., Iwasaki T. et al. Emerging issues in radiogenic cataracts and cardiovascular disease // J. Radiat. Res. 2014. V. 55. № 5. P. 831–846. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rru036</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Hamada N. Ionizing radiation sensitivity of the ocular lens and its dose rate dependence // Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2017. V. 93. № 10. P. 1024–1034. https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2016.1266407</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Hamada N., Azizova T.V., Little M.P. An update on effects of ionizing radiation exposure on the eye // Br. J. Radiol. 2020. V. 93. № 1115. Article 20190829. 26 p. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190829</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Ainsbury E.A., Bouffler S.D., Dorr W. et al. Radiation cataractogenesis: a review of recent studies // Radiat. Res. 2009. V. 172. № 1. P. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR1688.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Shore R.E., Neriishi K., Nakashima E. Epidemiological studies of cataract risk at low to moderate radiation do-ses: (not) seeing is believing // Radiat. Res. 2010. V. 174. № 6. P. 889–894. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR1884.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Averbeck D., Salomaa S., Bouffler S. et al. Progress in low dose health risk research: Novel effects and new concepts in low dose radiobiology // Mutat Res. 2018. V. 776. P. 46–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.04.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Thome C., Chambers D.B., Hooker A.M. et al. Deterministic effects to the lens of the eye following ionizing radiation exposure: is there evidence to support a reduction in threshold dose? // Health Phys. 2018. V. 114. № 3. 328–343. https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000000810</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Laskowski L., Williams D., Seymour C., Mothersill C. Environmental and industrial developments in radiation cataractogenesis // Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2020. V. 26. P. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2020.1767820</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Little M.P., Azizova T.V., Hamada N. Low- and mode-rate-dose non-cancer effects of ionizing radiation in directly exposed individuals, especially circulatory and ocular diseases: a review of the epidemiology // Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2021. V. 97. № 6. P. 782–803. https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2021.1876955</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Cucinotta F.A., Manuel F.K., Jones J. et al. Space radiation and cataracts in astronauts // Radiat. Res. 2001. V. 156. № 5. Pt 1. P. 460–466. https://doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2001)156[0460:sracia]2.0.co;2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Rafnsson V., Olafsdottir E., Hrafnkelsson J. et al. Cosmic radiation increases the risk of nuclear cataract in airline pilots // Arch. Opthalmol. 2005. V. 123. № 8. P. 1102–1105. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.123.8.1102</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Klein B.E., Klein R., Linton K.L., Franke T. Diagnostic x-ray exposure and lens opacities: the Beaver Dam Eye Study // Am. J. Public Health. 1993. V. 83. № 4. P. 588–590. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.83.4.588</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Poon R., Badawy M.K. Radiation dose and risk to the lens of the eye during CT examinations of the brain // J. Med. Imaging Radiat. Oncol. 2019. V. 63. № 6. 786–794. https://doi.org/10.1111/1754-9485.12950</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Rehani M.M., Vano E., Ciraj-Bjelac O., Kleiman N.J. Radiation and cataract // Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 2011. V. 147. № 1–2. P. 300–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncr299</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Picano E., Vano E., Domenici L. et al. Cancer and non-cancer brain and eye effects of chronic low-dose ioni-zing radiation exposure // BMC Cancer. 2012. V. 12. Art. 157. 13 p. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-12-157</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Shore R.E. Radiation impacts on human health: certain, fuzzy, and unknown // Health Phys. 2014. V. 106. № 2. P. 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000000021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Shore R.E. Radiation and cataract risk: impact of recent epidemiologic studies on ICRP judgments // Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res. 2016. V. 770. Pt. B. P. 231–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.06.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Smith Dr.H. The International Commission on Radiological Protection: historical overview // IAEA Bull. 1988. V. 30. № 3. P. 42–44.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Radiation Dosimetry / Ed. G. J. Hine, G. L. Brownell. New York: Academic Press, 1956. 932 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Ainsbury E.A., Dalke C., Hamada N. et al. Radiation-induced lens opacities: epidemiological, clinical and experimental evidence, methodological issues, research gaps and strategy // Environ. Int. 2021. V. 146. Art. 106213. 14 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106213</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Merriam G.R. J.r, Focht E.F. A clinical study of radiation cataracts and the relationship to dose // Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium. Ther. Nucl. Med. 1957. V. 77. № 5. P. 759–785.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Merriam G.R. Jr, Focht E.F. A clinical and experimental study of the effect of single and divided doses of radiation on cataract production // Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 1962. V. 60. P. 35–52.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Sparrow J.M., Bron A.J., Brown N.A. et al. The Oxford clinical cataract classification and grading system // Int. Ophthalmol. 1986. V. 9. № 4. P. 207–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00137534</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Klein B.E., Klein R., Linton K.L. et al. Assessment of cataracts from photographs in the Beaver Dam Eye Study // Ophthalmology. 1990. V. 97. № 11. P. 1428–1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(90)32391-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Chylack L.T. Jr, Wolfe J.K., Singer D.M. et al. The lens opacities classification system III. The longitudinal study of cataract study group // Arch. Ophthalmol. 1993. V. 111. № 6. P. 831–836. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1993.01090060119035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Thylefors B., Chylack L.T. Jr, Konyama K. et al. A simplified cataract grading system // Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2002. V. 9. № 2. P. 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1076/opep.9.2.83.1523</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Azizova T.V., Bragin E.V., Hamada N., Bannikova M.V. Risk of cataract incidence in a cohort of Mayak PA workers following chronic occupational radiation exposure // PLoS One. 2016. V. 11. № 10. Art. e0164357. 13 p. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164357</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Nakashima E., Neriishi K., Minamoto A. A reanalysis of atomic-bomb cataract data, 2000–2002: a threshold analysis // Health Phys. 2006. V. 90. № 2. P. 154–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000175442.03596.63</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>UNSCEAR 2013. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. Vol. II. Annex B. Effects of radiation exposure of children. United Nations. New York, 2013. 269 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Neriishi K., Nakashima E., Minamoto A. et al. Postope-rative cataract cases among atomic bomb survivors: radiation dose response and threshold // Radiat. Res. 2007. V. 168. № 4. P. 404–408. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR0928.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Azizova T.V., Hamada N., Bragin E.V. et al. Risk of cata-ract removal surgery in Mayak PA workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation over prolonged periods // Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 2019. V. 58. № 2. P. 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-019-00787-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Власов В.В. Эпидемиология: учебное пособие. 2-е изд., испр. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2006. 464 с. [Vlasov V.V. Epidemiology. 2nd Edition, revised. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2006. 464 p.] (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Worgul B.V., Kundiyev Y.I., Sergiyenko N.M. et al. Cataracts among Chernobyl clean-up workers: implications regarding permissible eye exposure // Radiat. Res. 2007. V. 167. № 2. P. 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1667/rr0298.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Seals K.F., Lee E.W., Cagnon C.H. et al. Radiation-induced cataractogenesis: a critical literature review for the interventional radiologist // Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2016. V. 39. № 2. P. 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-015-1207-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Koterov A.N., Biryukov A.P. The possibility of determining of anomalies and pathologies in the offspring of liquidators of Chernobyl accident by the non-radiation factors // Int. J. Low Radiat. (Paris). 2011. V. 8. № 4. P. 256–312. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLR.2011.046529</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Hamada N., Sato T. Cataractogenesis following high-LET radiation exposure // Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res. 2016. V. 770. Pt. B.P. 262–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.08.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Chodick G., Bekiroglu N., Hauptmann M. et al. Risk of cataract after exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation: a 20-year prospective cohort study among US radiologic technologists // Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008. V. 168. № 6. P. 620–631. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn171</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Webb P., Bain C. Essential Epidemiology. An Introduction for Students and Health Professionals. 2nd Ed. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 445 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Epidemiology: Principles and Practical Guidelines / Eds J. Van den Broeck, J.R. Brestoff. Dordrecht: Springer, 2013. 621 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Milacic S. Risk of occupational radiation-induced cataract in medical workers // Med. Lav. 2009. V. 100. P. 178–186.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Bouffler S., Ainsbury E., Gilvin P., Harrison J. Radiation-induced cataracts: the Health Protection Agency’s response to the ICRP statement on tissue reactions and recommendation on the dose limit for the eye lens // J. Radiol. Prot. 2012. V. 32. № 4. P. 479–488. https://doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/32/4/479</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Mrena S., Kivela T., Kurttio P., Auvinen A. Lens opacities among physicians occupationally exposed to ioni-zing radiation – a pilot study in Finland // Scand. J. Work Environ. Health. 2011. V. 37. № 3. P. 237–243. https://doi.org/10.2307/41151548</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Auvinen A., Kivela T., Heinavaara S., Mrena S. Eye lens opacities among physicians occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation // Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2015. V. 59. № 7. P. 945–948. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mev022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Coppeta L., Pietroiusti A., Neri A. et al. Risk of radiation-induced lens opacities among surgeons and interventional medical staff // Radiol. Phys. Technol. 2019. V. 12. № 1. P. 26–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12194-018-0487-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Domienik-Andrzejewska J., Kałużny P., Piernik G., Jurewicz J. Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation and lens opacity in interventional cardiologists // Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health. 2019. V. 32. № 5. P. 663–675. https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01456</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Liu G., Zhang R., Li Y., Wu X.Q., Niu L.M., Liu Y.Y., Zhang X. Study of low-dose radiation workers ionizing radiation sensitivity index and radiation dose-effect relationship // Health Phys. 2022. V. 123. № 4. P. 332–339. https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000001593</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Ciraj-Bjelac O., Rehani M.M., Sim K.H. et al. Risk for radiation-induced cataract for staff in interventional cardiology: is there reason for concern? // Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 2010. V. 76. № 6. P. 826–834. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.22670</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Vano E., Kleiman N.J., Duran A. et al. Radiation cataract risk in interventional cardiology personnel // Radiat. Res. 2010. V. 174. № 4. P. 490–495. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR2207.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Jacob S., Donadille L., Maccia C. et al. Eye lens radiation exposure to interventional cardiologists: a retrospective assessment of cumulative doses // Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2013. V. 153. № 3. P. 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncs116</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Karatasakis A., Brilakis H.S., Danek B.A. et al. Radiation associated lens changes in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: results from the IC-CATARACT (CATaracts Attributed to Radiation in the CaThlab) study // Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 2018. V. 91. № 4. P. 647–654. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.27173</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Della Vecchia E., Modenese A. Loney T., et al. Risk of cataract in health care workers exposed to ionizing radiation: a systematic review // Med. Lav. 2020. V. 111. № 4. P. 269–284. https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v111i4.9045</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Elmaraezy A., Morra M.E., Mohammed A.T. et al. Risk of cataract among interventional cardiologists and catheterization lab staff: A systematic review and meta-analysis // Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. Actions. 2017. V. 90. № 1. P. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.27114</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Коренков И.П., Охрименко С.Е., Шандала Н.К. и др. Оценка доз облучения хрусталика глаза и кожи персонала в современных медицинских технологиях // Мед. радиология и радиац. безопасность. 2022. Т. 67. № 1. С. 44–49. [Korenkov I.P., Okhrimenko S.E., Shandala N.K. et al. Dose assessment to the lens of the eye and skin of the personnel in advanced medical technologies // Medits. Radiologiia Radiat. Bezopasnost (Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety; Moscow). 2022. V. 67. № 1. P. 44–49.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)https://doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2022-67-1-44-49</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>UNSCEAR 1982. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. Annex J. Non-stochastic effects of irradiation. United Nations. New York, 1982. P. 571–654.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Львовская Е.Н. Состояние глаз у лиц, работающих на рентгено-радиологических учреждениях г. Москвы // Cб. научн. трудов “Научно-исследовательского института гигиены труда и профзаболеваний” АМН СССР (НИИГТ и ПЗ АМН СССР). М., 1974. С. 209–214. [Lvovskaya E.N. The state of the eye in persons working at roentgen-radiological facilities in Moscow // Proc. “Scientific Research Institute of Occupational Hygiene and Diseases” of the Academy of Medical Sciences of USSR. Moscow, 1974. P. 209–214. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>UNSCEAR 1982. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. Annex G Medical exposures. United Nations. New York, 1982. P. 333–369.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>UNSCEAR 1988. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. Annex C Exposures from medical uses of radiation. United Nations. New York, 1988. P. 241–308.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>UNSCEAR 1993. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. Annex C Medical radiation exposures. United Nations. New York, 1993. P. 221–373.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Klein R., Klein B.E.K., Moss S.E. Age related eye disease and survival. The Beaver Dam Eye Study // Arch. Ophthalmol. 1995. V. 113. № 3. P. 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1995.01100030089026</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Hourihan F., Mitchell P., Cumming R.G. Possible associations between computed tomography scan and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study // Am. J. Public Health. 1999. V. 89. № 12. P. 1864–1866. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.89.12.1864</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Gaudreau K., Thome C., Weaver B., Boreham D.R. Cataract formation and low-dose radiation exposure from head computed tomography (CT) scans in Ontario, Canada, 1994–2015 // Radiat. Res. 2020. V. 193. № 4. P. 322–330. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR15504.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>UNSCEAR 2000. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. Annex D Medical radiation exposures. United Nations. New York, 2000. P. 221–373.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н., Бирюков А.П. Критерий Хилла “Временная зависимость”. Обратная причинность и ее радиационный аспект // Радиац. биология. Радиоэкология. 2020. Т. 60. № 2. С. 115–152. [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N., Biryukov A.P. Hill’s criteria “Temporality”. Reverse causation and its radiation aspect // Radiats. Biol. Radioecol. (“Radiation biology. Radioecology”, Moscow). 2020. V. 60. № 2. P. 115–152. (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)] https://doi.org/10.31857/S086980312002006X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N., Biryukov A.P. Hill’s Temporality criterion: reverse causation and its radiation aspect // Biol. Bull. (Moscow). 2020. V. 47. № 12. 1577–1609. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359020120031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Doss M. Conclusion of increased risk of cataracts associated with CT studies of the head may not be justified (Letter) // AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2014. V. 202. № 4. P. W413. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.13.11867</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>Gutman, Treutler. Bericht uber die 32 Versammlung der ophtlialmologischen Gesellschaft, Wiesbaden 1905, Heidelberg 1906. S. 337–338.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>Gutman, Treutler. Diskussionsbemerkung zum Vortrag von E. v. Hippel jun. Uber angeborenen Zentral und Schichtstar – experimentelle Untersuchungen // Ber. Dtsch. Ophtalmol. Ges. 1906. V. 32. S. 338.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>Quist C.F., Zachau-Christiansen B. Radiation cataract following fractionated radium therapy in childhood // Acta Radiol. 1959. V. 51. № 3. P. 207–216. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016925909171098</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>Desjardins A.U. Action of roentgen rays and radium on the eye and ear; experimental data and clinical radiotherapy // AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 1931. V. 26. P. 639–921.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation>Clapp C.A. Effect of X-ray and radium radiation upon crystalline lens // Am. J. Ophthal. 1932. V. 15. P. 1039–1044.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation>UNSCEAR 1962. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. Annex D. Somatic effects of irradiation. United Nations. New York, 1962. P. 118–206.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation>Merriam G.R., Jr., Focht E.F. Radiation dose to the lens in treatment of tumors of the eye and adjacent structures // Radiology. 1958. V. 71. № 3. P. 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1148/71.3.357</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation>Thariat J., Martel A., Matet A. et al. Non-Cancer Effects following Ionizing Irradiation Involving the Eye and Orbit // Cancers (Basel). 2022. V. 14. № 5. Art. 1194. 21 p. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14051194</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation>Chodick G., Sigurdson A.J., Kleinerman R.A. et al. The risk of cataract among survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study // Radiat. Res. 2016. V. 185. № 4. P. 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR14276.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><label>98.</label><mixed-citation>Hall P., Granath F., Lundell M. et al. Lenticular opacities in individuals exposed to ionizing radiation in infancy // Radiat. Res. 1999. V. 152. № 2. P. 190–195. https://doi.org/10.2307/3580093</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><label>99.</label><mixed-citation>Львовская Е.Н. Состояние глаз у лиц, работающих в промышленной гамма-дефектоскопии // Тр. Московского областного научно-исследовательского клинического института им. М.Ф. Владимирского” (МОНИКИ). 1976. Т. 12. С. 44–48. [Lvovskaya E.N. The state of the eye in persons working in industrial gamma-defectoscopy // Proc. of MONIKI. 1976. V. 12. P. 44–48.] (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B100"><label>100.</label><mixed-citation>Lian Y., Xiao J., Ji X. et al. Protracted low-dose radiation exposure and cataract in a cohort of Chinese industry radiographers // Occup. Environ. Med. 2015. V. 72. № 9. 640–647. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2014-102772</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B101"><label>101.</label><mixed-citation>Hashemi H., Pakzad R., Yekta A. et al. Global and regional prevalence of age-related cataract: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis // Eye. 2020. V. 34. № 8. P. 1357–1370. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-020-0806-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B102"><label>102.</label><mixed-citation>Бекман И.Н. Ядерная индустрия. Курс лекций. М.: Изд-во МГУ, 2005. 867 с. [Beckman I.N. Nuclear industry. Lecture course. Moscow: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 2005. 867 p. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B103"><label>103.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н., Дибиргаджиев И.Г. и др. Избыточный относительный риск катарактогенных нарушений хрусталика у работников ядерной индустрии: систематический обзор и мета-анализ // Мед. радиология и радиац. безопасность. 2023. Т. 68. № 3. С. 21–32. [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N., Dibirgadzhiev I.G. et al. Excess relative risk of cataractogenic lense disorders in nuclear workers: systematic review and meta-analysis // Medits. Radiologiia Radiat. Bezopasnost (Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety; Moscow). 2023; 68(3): 21–32.] (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-3-21-32</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B104"><label>104.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н., Вайнсон А.А. Конъюнктурный подход к понятию о диапазоне малых доз радиации с низкой ЛПЭ в зарубежных обзорных источниках: нет изменений за 18 лет // Мед. радиология и радиац. безопасность. 2022. Т. 67. № 5. С. 33–40. [Koterov A.N., Wainson A.A. Conjunctural approach to the concept of low dose radiation range with low LET in foreign review sources: no changes for 18 years // Medits. Radiologiia Radiat. Bezopasnost (Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety; Moscow). 2022; 67(5): 33–40.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)https://doi.org/10.33266/1024-6177-2022-67-5-33-40</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B105"><label>105.</label><mixed-citation>Voelz G.L. Eye-survey study of nuclear-reactor workers // J. Occup. Med. 1967. V. 9. № 6. P. 286–292.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B106"><label>106.</label><mixed-citation>Jacobson B.S. Cataracts in retired actinide-exposed radiation workers // Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2005. V. 113. № 1. P. 123–125. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nch427</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B107"><label>107.</label><mixed-citation>Азизова Т.В., Брагин Е.В., Хамада Н., Банникова М.В. Оценка риска заболеваемости старческой катарактой в когорте работников предприятия атомной промышленности ПО “Маяк” // Мед. радиология и радиац. безопасность. 2018. Т. 63. № 4. С. 15–21. [Azizova T.V., Bragin E.V., Hamada N., Bannikova M.V. Risk assessment of senile cataract incidence in a cohort of nuclear workers of Mayak Production Association // Medits. Radiologiia Radiat. Bezopasnost (Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety; Moscow). 2018. V. 63. № 4. P. 15–21. (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)] https://doi.org/10.12737/article-5b83b0430902e8.35861647</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B108"><label>108.</label><mixed-citation>Azizova T.V., Hamada N., Grigoryeva E.S., Bragin E.V. Risk of various types of cataracts in a cohort of Mayak workers following chronic occupational exposure to ionizing radiation // Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2018. V. 33. № 12. P. 1193–1204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0450-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B109"><label>109.</label><mixed-citation>Азизова Т.В., Хамада Н., Григорьева Е.С., Брагин Е.В. Риск катаракты различных типов в когорте работников, подвергшихся профессиональному хроническому облучению // Мед. радиология и радиац. безопасность. 2020. Т. 65. № 4. С. 48–57. [Azizova T.V., Hamada N., Grigoryeva E.S., Bragin E.V. Risk of various types of cataracts in a cohort of Mayak wor-kers following chronic occupational exposure to ioni-zing radiation. Medits. Radiologiia Radiat. Bezopasnost (Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety; Moscow). 2020. V. 65. № 4. P. 48–57. (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)] https://doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-4-48-57</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B110"><label>110.</label><mixed-citation>Брагин Е.В., Азизова Т.В., Банникова М.В. Риск заболеваемости старческой катарактой у работников предприятия атомной промышленности // Вестн. офтальмологии. 2017. Т. 133. № 2. С. 57–63. [Bragin E.V., Azizova T.V., Bannikova M.V. Risk of senile cataract among nuclear industry workers // Vestnik Oftalmologii (The Russian Annals of Ophthalmo-logy; Moscow). 2017. V. 133. № 2. P. 57–63.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2017133257-63</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B111"><label>111.</label><mixed-citation>Туков А.Р., Шафранский И.Л., Капитонова Н.В. и др. Риск развития катаракты в условиях острого и хронического облучения // Саратовский научю-мед. журн. 2016. Т. 12. № 4. С. 678–684. [Tukov A.R., Shafransky I.L., Kapitonova N.V. et al. Risk of cataract in the context of acute and chronic exposure. Saratovskiy nauchno-meditsinskiy zhurnal // Saratov Journal of Medical Scientific Research. 2016. V. 12. № 4. P. 678–684.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B112"><label>112.</label><mixed-citation>Туков А.Р., Шафранский И.Л., Прохорова О.Н., Зиятдинов М.Н. Риск развития радиационной катаракты у работников атомной промышленности – участников ликвидации последствий аварии на ЧАЭС // Радиация и риск. 2019. Т. 28. № 1. С. 37–46. [Tukov A.R., Shafransky I.L., Prohorova O.N., Ziyatdinov M.N. The incidence of cataracts and the radiation risk of their occurrence in liquidators of the Chernobyl accident, workers in the nuclear industry // Radiatsiya i Risk (Radiation and Risk; Obninsk). 2019. V. 28. № 1. P. 37–46. (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)] https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2019-28-1-37-46</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B113"><label>113.</label><mixed-citation>Казымбет П.К., Джанабаев Д.Д., Сайфулина Е.A. и др. Оценка риска соматических заболеваний в когорте работников урановой промышленности, подвергающихся радиационному воздействию в малых дозах. Сообщение II // Наука и здравоохранение. 2019. Т. 21. № 5. С. 81–87. [Kazymbet P.K., Dzhanabayev D.D., Saifulina E.A. et al. Risk assessment of somatic diseases in the cohort of uranium industry workers exposed to radiation in small doses. Report II. Nauka i zdravookhraneniye (Science &amp; Healthcare; Kazakhstan). 2019. V. 21. № 5. P. 81–87.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B114"><label>114.</label><mixed-citation>Park S., Lee D.N., Jin Y.W. et al. Non-cancer disease prevalence and association with occupational radiation exposure among Korean radiation workers // Sci. Rep. 2021. V. 11. № 1. Article 22415. 8 p. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01875-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B115"><label>115.</label><mixed-citation>UNSCEAR 2020. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. Annex B. Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: implications of information published since the UNSCEAR 2013 Report. United Nations. New York, 1982. 243 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B116"><label>116.</label><mixed-citation>Шафиркин А.В., Григорьев Ю.Г. Межпланетные и орбитальные космические полеты. Радиационный риск для астронавтов. Радиобиологическое обоснование. М.: ЗАО “Изд-во “Экономика”, 2009. 640 с. [Shafirkin A.V., Grigoriev Y.G. Interplanetary and Orbital Space Flights: the Radiation Risk to Astronauts (Radiobiological Basis). Moscow: Publi-shing house “Economica”, 2009. 639 p.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B117"><label>117.</label><mixed-citation>Галеева Г.З., Рыжкин С.А., Сергеева С.Ю. Воздействие ионизирующего излучения на человека и орган зрения // Практич. медицина. 2016. № 7 (99) С. 37–41. [Galeeva G.Z., Ryzhkin S.A., Sergeeva S.Yu. Effects of ionizing radiation on the human body and the organ of vision // Prakticheskaya meditsina (Practical medicine; Kazan). 2016. № 7 (99). P. 37–41.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B118"><label>118.</label><mixed-citation>Yeltokova M.H. Risk of cataract after exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation // J. Clin. Med. Kazakhstan. 2013. V. 3. № 29. P. 58–61.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B119"><label>119.</label><mixed-citation>Лазаретник Б.Ш., Бакбардин Ю.В., Гребенник А.В. Орган зрения как возможный показатель преждевременного старения при радиационном поражении // Офтальмол. журн. 1993. № 3. С. 129–132. [Lazaretnik B.Sh., Bakbardin Yu.V., Grebennik A.V. Organ of vision state as a possible indicator of premature aging under radiation exposure // Oftal’mologicheskiy zhurnal (Journal of Ophthalmology; Odessa). 1993. №. 3. P. 129–132.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B120"><label>120.</label><mixed-citation>Сухина Л.А., Смирнова А.Ф., Чубарь С.В., Али З. О значении углубленного обследования органа зрения лиц, подвергающихся влиянию ионизирующей радиации // Офтальмол. журн. 1993. № 3. С. 133–135. [Sukhina L.A., Smirnova A.F., Chubar S.V., Ali Z. On the importance of an in-depth examination of the organ of vision of persons exposed to ionizing radiation // Oftal’mologicheskiy zhurnal (Journal of Ophthalmology; Odessa). 1993. № 3. P. 133–135.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B121"><label>121.</label><mixed-citation>Chumak V.V., Worgul B.V., Kundiyev Y.I. et al. Dosi-metry for a study of low-dose radiation cataracts among Chernobyl cleanup workers // Radiat. Res. 2007. V. 167. № 5. P. 606–614. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR0302.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B122"><label>122.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н., Бирюков А.П. Дети ликвидаторов аварии на Чернобыльской атомной электростанции. 1. Оценка принципиальной возможности зарегистрировать радиационные эффекты // Мед. радиология и радиац. безопасность. 2012. Т. 57. № 1. С. 58–79. [Koterov A.N., Biryukov A.P. The offspring of liquidators of Chernobyl Atomic Power Station accident. 1. The estimation of the basic opportunity to register of radiation effect // Medits. Radiologiya Radiat. Bezopasnost (“Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety”; Moscow). 2012. V. 57. № 1. P. 58–79.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B123"><label>123.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н., Бирюков А.П. Дети участников ликвидации последствий аварии на Чернобыльской атомной электростанции. 2. Частота отклонений и патологий и их связь с нерадиационными факторами // Мед. радиология и радиац. безопасность. 2012. Т. 57. № 2. С. 51–77. [Koterov A.N., Biryukov A.P. The offspring of liquidators of Chernobyl Atomic Power Station accident. 2. The frequency of anomalies and pathologies and its connection to non-radiation factors // Medits. Radiologiya Radiat. Bezopasnost (“Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety”; Moscow). 2012. V. 57. № 2. P. 51–77.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B124"><label>124.</label><mixed-citation>UNSCEAR 2008. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annex. Annex D. Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident. United Nations. New York, 2011. P. 47–219.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B125"><label>125.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н., Калинина М.В., Бирюков А.П. Экологические (корреляционные) исследования в дисциплинах радиационного и нерадиационного профиля: “птица Феникс” // Cб. докл. межд научн.-практ. конф. “Радиоэкологические последствия радиационных аварий: к 35-ой годовщине аварии на ЧАЭС”. Обнинск, 22–23 апреля 2021 г. / Под ред. Н.И. Санжаровой и В.М. Шершакова. Обнинск, 2021. С. 185–190. [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N., Kalinina M.V., Biryukov A.P. Ecological (correlation) studies in the disciplines of radiation and nonradiation profile: “Phoenix bird” // Materials of International Research and Practice Conference “Radioecological Consequences of Radiation Accidents: to the 35th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident”. Obninsk, 2021. P. 185–190.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B126"><label>126.</label><mixed-citation>Day R., Gorin M.B., Eller A.W. Prevalence of lens changes in Ukrainian children residing around Chernobyl // Health Phys. 1995. V. 68. № 5. P. 632–642. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199505000-00002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B127"><label>127.</label><mixed-citation>Lehmann P., Boratynski Z., Mappes T. et al. Fitness costs of increased cataract frequency and cumulative radiation dose in natural mammalian populations from Chernobyl // Sci Rep. 2016. V. 6. Art. 19974. 7 p. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19974</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B128"><label>128.</label><mixed-citation>Pederson S.L., Margaret C., Puma L. et al. Effects of chronic low-dose radiation on cataract prevalence and characterization in wild boar (Sus scrofa) from Fukushima, Japan // Sci. Rep. 2020. V. 10. № 1. Art. 4055. 14 p. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59734-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B129"><label>129.</label><mixed-citation>Mikryukova L.D., Akleyev A.V. Cataract in the chronically exposed residents of the Techa riverside villages // Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 2017. V. 56. № 4. P. 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-017-0702-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B130"><label>130.</label><mixed-citation>Chen W.L., Hwang J.S., Hu T.H. et al. Lenticular opa-cities in populations exposed to chronic low-dose-rate gamma radiation from radiocontaminated buildings in Taiwan // Radiat. Res. 2001. V. 156. № 1. P. 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2001)156[0071:loipet]2.0.co;2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B131"><label>131.</label><mixed-citation>Blakely E.A., Kleiman N.J., Neriishi K. et al. Radiation cataractogenesis: epidemiology and biology // Radiat. Res. 2010. V. 173. № 5. P. 709–717. https://doi.org/10.1667/RRXX19.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B132"><label>132.</label><mixed-citation>Tang F.R., Loganovsky K. Low dose or low dose rate ionizing radiation-induced health effect in the human // Environ. Radioact. 2018. V. 192. P. 32–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.05.018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B133"><label>133.</label><mixed-citation>Hsieh W.A., Lin I-F., Chang W.P. et al. Lens opacities in young individuals long after exposure to protracted low-dose-rate γ radiation in 60Co-contaminated buildings in Taiwan // Radiat. Res. 2010. V. 173. № 2. P. 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR1850.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B134"><label>134.</label><mixed-citation>Su Y., Wang Y., Yoshinaga S., Zhu W. et al. Lens opacity prevalence among the residents in high natural background radiation area in Yangjiang, China // J. Radiat. Res. 2021. V. 62. № 1. P. 67–72. https://doi.org/110.1093/jrr/rraa073</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B135"><label>135.</label><mixed-citation>Нижников А.И., Миретский Г.И., Рамзаев П.В., Троицкая М.Н. Радиационный фон и заболеваемость катарактой у жителей Крайнего Севера// Гиг. санит. 1984. № 7. С. 30–32. [Nizhnikov A.I., Miretskii G.I., Ramzaev P.V., Troitskaia M.N. Background radiation and the incidence of cataract among inhabitants of the Far North // Gig. Sanit. 1984. № 7. P. 30–32.] (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B136"><label>136.</label><mixed-citation>Nicholas J.S., Butler G.C., Lackland D.T., Tessier G.S., Mohr L.C. Jr, Hoel D.G. Health among commercial airline pilots // Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2001. V. 72. № 9. P. 821–826.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B137"><label>137.</label><mixed-citation>Boice J.D. Jr., Blettner M., Auvinen A. Epidemiologic studies of pilots and aircrew // Health Phys. 2000. V. 79. № 5. P. 576–584. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-200011000-00016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B138"><label>138.</label><mixed-citation>Rastegar N., Eckart P., Mertz M. Radiation-induced cataract in astronauts and cosmonauts // Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2002. V. 240. № 7. P. 543–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-002-0489-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B139"><label>139.</label><mixed-citation>Jones J.A., McCarten M., Manuel K. et al. Cataract formation mechanisms and risk in aviation and space crews // Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2007. V. 78. № 4. Suppl. P. A56–A66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B140"><label>140.</label><mixed-citation>Chylack L.T. Jr, Peterson L.E., Feiveson A.H. et al. NASA study of cataract in astronauts (NASCA). Report 1: Cross-sectional study of the relationship of exposure to space radiation and risk of lens opacity // Radiat. Res. 2009. V. 172. № 1. P. 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR1580.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B141"><label>141.</label><mixed-citation>Chylack L.T. Jr, Feiveson A.H., Peterson L.E. et al. NASCA report 2: longitudinal study of relationship of exposure to space radiation and risk of lens opacity // Radiat. Res. 2012. V. 178. № 1. P. 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR2876.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B142"><label>142.</label><mixed-citation>Шафиркин А.В., Григорьев Ю.Г., Ушаков И.Б. Уточнение относительной биологической эффективности воздействия быстрых нейтронов и ускоренных многозарядных ионов в малых дозах при оценке риска повреждения нейронов головного мозга и хрусталика глаза // Авиакосм. и экол. медицина. 2019. Т. 53. № 1. С. 23–32. [Shafirkin A.V., Grigoriev Yu.G., Ushakov I.B. More precise definition of the relative biological effectiveness of fast neutrons and accelerated multi-charged ions at low doses for estimation of the risk of brain and lens injury by neutrons // Aviakosmicheskaya i ekologicheskaya meditsina (Aerospace and environmental medicine; Moscow). 2019. V. 53. № 1. P. 23–32. (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)] https://doi.org/10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-1-23-32</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B143"><label>143.</label><mixed-citation>Абросимова А.Н., Шафиркин А.В., Федоренко Б.С. Вероятность развития помутнений хрусталика и образования зрелых катаракт при действии излучений с различными значениями ЛПЭ // Авиакосм. и экол.медицина. 2000. Т. 34. № 3. С. 33–41. [Abrosimova A.N., Shafirkin A.V., Fedorenko B.S. The likelihood of developing cataract formation and mature cataracts under the action of radiation with diffe-rent LET // Aviakosmicheskaya i ekologicheskaya meditsina (Aerospace and environmental medicine; Moscow). 2000. V. 34. № 3. P. 33–41.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B144"><label>144.</label><mixed-citation>Григорьев Ю.Г., Ушаков И.Б., Красавин Е.А. и др. Космическая радиобиология за 55 лет (к 50-летию ГНЦ К 71 РФ – ИМБП РАН). Российская академия наук, Институт медико-биологических проблем и др. М.: Экономика, 2013. 303 с. [Grigoriev Yu.G., Ushakov I.B., Krasavin E.A. et al. Space radiobiology for 55 years (on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the SSC K 71 RF – IBMP RAS). Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Problems, etc. Moscow: Economics, 2013. 303 p.] (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B145"><label>145.</label><mixed-citation>Jacob S., Michael M., Brezlin A. et al. Ionizing radiation as a risk factor for cataract: what about low-dose effects? // Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2011. Suppl. 1: 005. 7 p. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9570.S1-005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B146"><label>146.</label><mixed-citation>Sigurdson A.J., Ron E. Cosmic radiation exposure and cancer risk among flight crew // Cancer Invest. 2004. V. 22. № 5. P. 743–761. https://doi.org/10.1081/cnv-200032767</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B147"><label>147.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н. Заклинания о нестабильности генома после облучения в малых дозах // Мед. радиология и радиац. безопасность. 2004. Т. 49. № 4. С. 55–72. [Koterov A.N. Genomic instability spells for low dose exposure // Medits. Radiologiya Radiat. Bezopasnost (“Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety”; Moscow). 2004. V. 49. № 4. P. 55–72.] (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B148"><label>148.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н. Критерии причинности в медико-биологических дисциплинах: история, сущность и радиационный аспект. Сообщение 1. Постановка проблемы, понятие о причинах и причинности, ложные ассоциации // Радиац. биология. Радиоэкология. 2019. Т. 59. № 1. С. 1–32. [Koterov A.N. Causal criteria in medical and biological disciplines: history, essence and radiation aspect. Report 1. Problem statement, conception of causes and causation, false associations // Radiats. Biol. Radioecol. (“Radiation biology. Radioecology”, Moscow). 2019. V. 59. № 1. P. 1–32 (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)] https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869803119010065</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B149"><label>149.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н. Критерии причинности в медико-биологических дисциплинах: история, сущность и радиационный аспект. Сообщение 3. Часть 1: Первые пять критериев Хилла: использование и ограничения // Радиац. биология. Радиоэкология. 2021. Т. 61. № 3. С. 300–332. [Koterov A.N. Causal criteria in medical and biological disciplines: history, essence and radiation aspect. Report 3, Part 1: First five Hill’s criteria: use and limitations // Radiats. Biol. Radioecol. (“Radiation biology. Radioecology”, Moscow). 2021. V. 61. № 3. P. 300–332. (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)] https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869803121030085</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B150"><label>150.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н. Критерии причинности в медико-биологических дисциплинах: история, сущность и радиационный аспект. Сообщение 3. Часть 2: Последние четыре критерия Хилла: использование и ограничения // Радиац. биология. Радиоэкология. 2021. Т. 61. № 6. С. 563–607. [Koterov A.N. Causal criteria in medical and biological disciplines: history, essence and radiation aspect. Report 3, Part 2: Last four Hill’s criteria: use and limitations // Radiats. Biol. Radioecol. (“Radiation biology. Radioecology”, Moscow). 2021. V. 61. № 6. P. 563–607.] 2021. Т. 61. № 6. С. 563–607. (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)] https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869803121060060</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B151"><label>151.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н. Критерии причинности в медико-биологических дисциплинах: история, сущность и радиационный аспект. Сообщение 4, часть 3: Широта использования критериев в различных дисциплинах и разными организациями // Радиац. биология. Радиоэкология. 2022. Т. 62. № 5. С. 453–476. [Koterov A.N. Causal criteria in medical and biological disciplines: history, essence and radiation aspect. Report 4, Part 3: Breadth of the use of criteria in different disciplines and different organizations // Radiats. Biol. Radioecol. (“Radiation biology. Radioecology”, Moscow). 2022. V. 62. № 5. P. 453–476. (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)] https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869803122050071</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B152"><label>152.</label><mixed-citation>Hill B.A. The environment and disease: association or causation? // Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1965. V. 58. № 5. P. 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076814562718</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B153"><label>153.</label><mixed-citation>Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н. Критерии причинности в медико-биологических дисциплинах: история, сущность и радиационный аспект. Сообщение 4, часть 2: Иерархии критериев, их критика и иные методы установления проичинности // Радиац. биология. Радиоэкология. 2022. Т. 62. № 4. С. 339–398. [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N. Causal criteria in medical and biological disciplines: history, essence and radiation aspect. Report 4, Part 2: Hierarchy of criteria, their criticism and other methods for causation establishing // Radiats. Biol. Radioecol. (“Radiation biology. Radioecology”, Moscow). 2021. V. 61. № 4. P. 339–398. (In Russ. Engl. abstr.)] https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869803122040051</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
