Russian Journal of PhysiologyRussian Journal of PhysiologyРоссийский физиологический журнал им. И.М. Сеченова0869-81392658-655XThe Russian Academy of Sciences68294810.31857/S0869813925010015ULBGZTREVIEWОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИResearch ArticleEndocrine properties of microbiotaЭндокринные свойства микробиотыSobolK. V.СобольК. В.
Russian Federation
peep9@yandex.ruSechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, RASИнститут эволюционной физиологии и биохимии им. И.М. Сеченова Российской академии наук14012025111153205062025Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук2025Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8139/article/view/682948

Microbiota and the macroorganism are in constant interaction with each other. Symbiotic microbiota participates in a number of important physiological, biochemical and neuroendocrine functions of the macroorganism. Metabolic activity of microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) helps to digest food, absorb nutrients and extract energy. GIT microbiota participates in the metabolic processes of protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and also affects the feeling of hunger and satiety. In addition, microbiota is often considered as a metabolically active "organ", since the power of metabolic reactions of the intestinal microbiota is comparable to that of the liver of the host organism. Microbiota produces autoinducers (quorum-sensing substances), hormones, neurotransmitters, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), secondary bile acids, growth factors, gaseous molecules and many other active substances. Microbial metabolites provide the main communication between the host organism and its microbial community and are of great importance for the normal functioning of the macroorganism, starting from intrauterine development and ending with the aging process. Moreover, changes in metabolic activity and/or the ratio of different types of microorganisms can lead to various metabolic disorders of the host organism. Conversely, a metabolic disorder of the host organism can lead to a change in the species composition of the microbiota. This review describes the influence of the microbiota and its metabolites on the neuroendocrine functions of the macroorganism and describes the corresponding mechanisms of this influence.

Микробиота и макроорганизм находятся в постоянном взаимодействии друг с другом. Симбионтная микробиота принимает участие в выполнении ряда важных физиологических, биохимических и нейроэндокринных функций макроорганизма. Метаболическая активность микробиоты в желудочно-кишечном тракте (ЖКТ) помогает переваривать пищу, усваивать питательные вещества и извлекать энергию. Микробиота ЖКТ участвует в процессах метаболизма белков, жиров и углеводов, в процессах глюконеогенеза и гликогенолиза, а также влияет на чувство голода и насыщения. Помимо этого, микробиоту часто рассматривают как метаболически активный «орган», поскольку мощность метаболических реакций микробиоты кишечника сравнима с таковой печени организма-хозяина. Микробиота продуцирует аутоиндукторы (кворум-чувствительные вещества), гормоны, нейромедиаторы, короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты, вторичные жирные кислоты, факторы роста, газообразные молекулы и множество других активных веществ. Микробные метаболиты обеспечивают основную коммуникацию между организмом хозяина и его микробным сообществом и имеют огромное значение для нормального функционирования макроорганизма, начиная с внутриутробного развития и кончая процессами старения. Более того, изменение метаболической активности и/или соотношения разных видов микроорганизмов может приводить к различным метаболическим нарушениям организма-хозяина. Верно и обратное, нарушение метаболизма организма-хозяина может приводить к изменению видового состава микробиоты. В данном обзоре описано влияние микробиоты и ее метаболитов на нейроэндокринные функции макроорганизма и описаны соответствующие механизмы этого влияния.

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