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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Physiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Physiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский физиологический журнал им. И.М. Сеченова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-8139</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-655X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">696699</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S2658655X25090053</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Hypoxic preconditioning reduces ceramide formation, TNFα levels, and TNFR1 expression in the rat brain in acute cerebral ischemia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гипоксическое прекондиционирование уменьшает образование церамида, уровень TNFα и экспрессию TNFR1 в мозге крыс в острый период церебральной ишемии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerasimov</surname><given-names>P. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герасимов</surname><given-names>П. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>machaon20@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Protopopov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Протопопов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bryndina</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Брындина</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ижевская государственная медицинская академия Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>111</volume><issue>9</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 111, NO9 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 111, №9 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>1501</fpage><lpage>1511</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-21"><day>21</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-09-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8139/article/view/696699">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8139/article/view/696699</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>To study changes in the concentration of ceramide, the main enzymes involved in its biosynthesis, as well as TNFα and TNFR1 expression in the rat brain in acute cerebral ischemia (ACI) and hypoxic preconditioning (HP); to evaluate the relationship of these factors with animal survival and neurological deficit. Experiments were performed on 37 male white nonlinear rats weighing 180–230 g. ACI was modeled by irreversible ligation of the left common carotid artery with simultaneous reversible ligation of the right common carotid artery. The animals were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 – sham operated, Group 2 – rats with ACI, Group 3 – animals with ACI and HP. On the 3rd day of monitoring, neurologic deficit was assessed using the Garcia scale; changes in TNFα and TNFR1, ceramide, serinpalmitoyltransferase, ceramide synthase, acidic and neutral sphingomyelinases were evaluated using immunofluorescence microscopy. ACI led to increased production of ceramide in the brain with elevated levels of all enzymes studied, and was also accompanied by higher levels of TNFα and expression of its receptor TNFR1. HP contributed to the reduction of these effects: the levels of ceramide and sphingomyelinases, TNFα and TNFR1 were suppressed, the neurological deficit became less severe, and the survival of animals was improved in comparison with ACI. HP has shown its effectiveness as a method to reduce the severity of neurological disorders and increase the survival of experimental animals, to prevent changes in proinflammatory factors and ceramide level by the decrease of the main enzymes of its synthesis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель работы – изучить изменения содержания церамида, основных ферментов, участвующих в его биосинтезе, а также уровень TNFα и экспрессию его рецептора TNFR1 в мозге крыс в условиях острой ишемии головного мозга (ОИГМ) и гипоксического прекондиционирования (ГП); оценить взаимосвязь данных факторов с выживаемостью животных и неврологическим дефицитом. Эксперименты выполнены на 37 самцах белых нелинейных крыс массой 180–230 г. ОИГМ получена методом необратимой перевязки левой общей сонной артерии с параллельной обратимой перевязкой правой общей сонной артерии. Животные были разделены на 3 группы: 1-я группа – ложнооперированные, 2-я – крысы с ОИГМ, 3-я – животные с ОИГМ и ГП. На 3-й день наблюдения проводили оценку неврологического дефицита по шкале Гарсиа; с помощью иммунофлуоресцентной микроскопии оценивали изменения уровней TNFα и TNFR1, церамида, серинпальмитоилтрансферазы, церамидсинтазы, кислой и нейтральной сфингомиелиназ. ОИГМ приводила к усилению образования церамида в мозге с повышением уровня всех исследуемых ферментов, а также сопровождалась повышением количества TNFα и экспрессии TNFR1. ГП способствовало ослаблению данных эффектов: предотвращалось повышение уровней церамида и сфингомиелиназ, TNFα и TNFR1, неврологический дефицит становился менее выраженным, а выживаемость животных повышалась по сравнению с ОИГМ. Таким образом, ГП показало свою эффективность в качестве метода, позволяющего уменьшить степень неврологических нарушений и повысить выживаемость экспериментальных животных, частично предотвратить изменения провоспалительных факторов и уровня церамида за счет снижения основных ферментов его синтеза.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hypoxic preconditioning</kwd><kwd>cerebral ischemia</kwd><kwd>phospholipids</kwd><kwd>ceramide</kwd><kwd>TNFα</kwd><kwd>TNFR1</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гипоксическое прекондиционирование</kwd><kwd>церебральная ишемия</kwd><kwd>фосфолипиды</kwd><kwd>церамид</kwd><kwd>TNFα</kwd><kwd>TNFR1</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данная работа финансировалась за счет средств бюджета Ижевской государственной медицинской академии Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bush CK, Kurimella D, Cross LJS, Conner KR, Martin-Schild S, He J, Li C, Chen J, Kelly T (2016) Endovascular Treatment with Stent-Retriever Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. 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