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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-8678</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-6738</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">634600</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/vto634600</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Practical issues in postoperative pain management: pain assessment and personalized choice of analgesics (review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Практические вопросы послеоперационного обезболивания: оценка болевого синдрома и персонализированный выбор анальгетиков (обзор литературы)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-7263</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8357-5770</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Otdelenov</surname><given-names>Vitaly A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Отделёнов</surname><given-names>Виталий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Сand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>vitotd@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3278-5941</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5883-6249</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisenko</surname><given-names>Natalia P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисенко</surname><given-names>Наталья Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Сand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>natalypilipenko3990@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8100-4079</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sobur</surname><given-names>Natalia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Собур</surname><given-names>Наталья Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, resident</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор</p></bio><email>nisoburm.d@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8745-6195</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2037-7164</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kleimenova</surname><given-names>Elena B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клеймёнова</surname><given-names>Елена Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>kleymenovaeb@cito-priorov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-2887</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1402-5186</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarenko</surname><given-names>Anton G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаренко</surname><given-names>Антон Герасимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), professor of RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор РАН</p></bio><email>nazarenkoag@cito-priorov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6298-7084</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gairabekov</surname><given-names>Israil M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайрабеков</surname><given-names>Исраил Магомед-Хаджиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>israil951998@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-4994</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8308-7599</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mirzaev</surname><given-names>Karin B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мирзаев</surname><given-names>Карин Бадавиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>karin05doc@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-3680</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4525-7556</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sychev</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сычёв</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), professor; academician of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>dmitriy.alex.sychev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-02-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-02-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>241</fpage><lpage>257</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-26"><day>26</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-08-23"><day>23</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-04-08"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/634600">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/634600</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review focuses on the critical aspects of rational postoperative pain management in surgical hospitals, emphasizing a multimodal, opioid-sparing approach. We discuss the principles of evidence-based analgesia, including the importance of using validated pain scales for consistent pain assessment and defining pain thresholds for initiating and modifying analgesic therapies. Defining target pain levels is crucial for guiding therapeutic interventions and achieving optimal pain relief. This paper describes a systematic and multi-modal approach to analgesic selection, emphasizing the combination of non-opioid analgesics like paracetamol (acetaminophen) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with opioid analgesics, regional analgesia, and non-pharmacological interventions. Continuous evaluation of pain levels and response to therapy is essential for ensuring effective pain control and minimizing the risk of complications. The review highlights the potential benefits of preoperative analgesia in reducing opioid requirements and the incidence of chronic neuropathic pain. We discuss the unique challenges of pain management in children, emphasizing the need for age-appropriate dosing and administration routes, taking into account the physiological differences between adults and children. The review emphasizes the crucial role of individualizing pain management strategies based on patient characteristics including age, co-morbidities, drug tolerance, and genetic factors. We discuss the impact of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 enzymes on NSAID and opioid metabolism in relation to optimizing both efficacy and safety. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles and practices for rational postoperative pain management, aiming to improve pain control, reduce opioid use, minimize adverse drug reactions, and enhance patient satisfaction and quality of life following surgical interventions. Implementing standardized pain assessment tools and protocols, utilizing a multi-modal analgesic approach, emphasizing preventive analgesia strategies, considering genetic factors in individual treatment plans, and prioritizing patient education and shared decision-making are key recommendations for healthcare professionals involved in the postoperative management of surgical patients. By adopting these evidence-based recommendations, we can strive to deliver optimal pain relief and enhance the overall recovery experience for patients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Данный литературный обзор посвящён практическим вопросам рационального послеоперационного обезболивания в хирургическом стационаре. В обзоре анализируются принципы рационального обезболивания, включающие стандартизацию оценки болевого синдрома, определение порогового значения уровня болевого синдрома при оценке по валидизированным шкалам для назначения и изменения обезболивающей терапии, целевой уровень боли, ступенчатый подход к выбору комбинации обезболивающих препаратов, а также регулярность переоценки болевого синдрома в послеоперационном периоде. Рассматривается мультимодальный опиоид-сберегающий подход к анальгезии, подразумевающий назначение комбинаций средств с обезболивающим действием: парацетамола, нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов (НПВП), опиоидных анальгетиков, а также регионарную анальгезию и нефармакологические методы обезболивания. Обсуждается целесообразность предупреждающего (предоперационного) обезболивания для снижения потребности в опиоидных анальгетиках в послеоперационном периоде и снижения риска формирования хронической нейропатической боли. Особенности послеоперационного обезболивания у детей требуют особого внимания к выбору пути введения обезболивающих препаратов и дозировке с учётом возрастных и физиологических особенностей детского организма. В обзоре приведены рекомендуемый режим дозирования, максимальные суточные дозы и максимальная длительность использования обезболивающих препаратов для взрослых и детей в соответствии с инструкциями по медицинскому применению. Одним из ключевых аспектов послеоперационного обезболивания является персонализированный выбор обезболивающих препаратов, учитывающий индивидуальные особенности пациента, такие как возраст, сопутствующие заболевания, индивидуальная переносимость и генетические факторы. В обзоре рассмотрено влияние генетических особенностей пациентов, связанных с активностью печёночных ферментов CYP2C9, CYP2D6, на эффективность и безопасность применения НПВП и опиоидных анальгетиков, что позволяет персонализировать мультимодальную послеоперационную обезболивающую терапию. Стандартизация оценки болевого синдрома и персонализированный подход к выбору анальгетических препаратов необходимы для достижения эффективного и безопасного обезболивания, снижения риска нежелательных реакций при применении лекарственных средств и повышения удовлетворённости лечением и качества жизни пациентов после оперативных вмешательств.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pain</kwd><kwd>postoperative pain management</kwd><kwd>pain measurement</kwd><kwd>pharmacogenetics</kwd><kwd>precision medicine</kwd><kwd>standard of care</kwd><kwd>clinical protocols</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>послеоперационная боль</kwd><kwd>послеоперационное обезболивание</kwd><kwd>оценка боли</kwd><kwd>фармакогенетика</kwd><kwd>персонализированная медицина</kwd><kwd>стандартизация</kwd><kwd>качество медицинской помощи</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-75-01137</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 23-75-01137 (https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-75-01137).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счёт средств гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-75-01137 (https://rscf.ru/project/23-75-01137/).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gan TJ. 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