<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-8678</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-6738</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">634918</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/vto634918</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">TGQTAY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Opportunistic screening for osteoporosis using artificial intelligence services</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оппортунистический скрининг остеопороза с использованием сервисов искусственного интеллекта</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2960-9787</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7550-2441</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Artyukova</surname><given-names>Zlata R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Артюкова</surname><given-names>Злата Романовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>zl.artyukova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4203-0630</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1125-8637</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryavtsev</surname><given-names>Nikita D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудрявцев</surname><given-names>Никита Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>KudryavtsevND@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1694-4682</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6193-1656</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petraikin</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петряйкин</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>alexeypetraikin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4293-2514</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2278-7290</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>Dmitry S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семёнов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. тех. наук</p></bio><email>SemenovDS4@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2990-7736</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3602-7120</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vladzimirskyy</surname><given-names>Anton V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Владзимирский</surname><given-names>Антон Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>VladzimirskijAV@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5283-5961</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4458-5608</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilev</surname><given-names>Yuriy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильев</surname><given-names>Юрий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>VasilevYA1@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-05-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>439</fpage><lpage>448</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-08-19"><day>19</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-08"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-07-22"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/634918">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/634918</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold><bold> </bold>An osteoporosis (OP) diagnosis technique based on routine CT examinations, which allows detecting radiological signs of OP, is currently being actively implemented. Given the issue of underdiagnosed compression fractures (CFs) on CT images, radiologists could benefit from artificial intelligence (AI) services.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold><italic> </italic>This study aimed to assess the potential use of AI services for OP diagnosis based on routine CT findings for opportunistic screening.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold><italic> </italic>The project involved three health facilities (HFs). Chest CT scans obtained in these HFs between October 2022 and October 2023 in patients over 50 years of age were selected, in which AI services detected signs of OP (CFs and/or reduced vertebral bone density). All cases were re-evaluated by radiologists to identify potential errors made by the service. The final list of patients eligible for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to confirm osteoporosis was provided to attending physicians in each participating HF.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold><italic> </italic>Over a 12-month period, AI services analyzed 5394 CT scans. CFs and/or reduced vertebral bone density were identified in 1125 patients. Patients with a previously confirmed OP, as well as those who refused or were unable to undergo further testing, were excluded. A total of 66 patients underwent DXA. Age ranged from 54 to 86 years; the median (Q1–Q3) age was 70 (62–74) years; the male to female ratio was 21% and 79%, respectively. According to DXA findings, bone mineral density (BMD) values consistent with OP, osteopenia, and normal BMD were reported in 26 patients (39.4%), 37 patients (56.1%), and 3 patients (4.5%), respectively. Diagnostic performance metrics were calculated for both DXA and CT-based vertebral bone density assessment, with sensitivity of 0.71 vs. 0.91, specificity of 0.80 vs. 0.55, and accuracy of 0.76 vs. 0.67, respectively. Significant differences were observed between osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal BMD groups, as well as between age-norm groups and those identified by AI services (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold><italic> </italic>The results support the use of AI services for diagnosing OP based on routine CT examinations as part of opportunistic screening.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold><bold> </bold>В настоящее время активно внедряется подход к диагностике остеопороза (ОП), основанный на рутинных КТ-исследованиях, при которых можно определить признаки ОП. Учитывая проблему гиподиагностики компрессионных переломов (КП) по данным КТ-исследований, предлагается использовать сервисы искусственного интеллекта (ИИ-сервисы) в качестве помощника для врача-рентгенолога.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold><bold> </bold>Оценить возможность практического применения ИИ-сервисов в диагностике ОП по данным рутинных исследований КТ для реализации оппортунистического скрининга.</p> <p><bold>Материалы</bold><bold> </bold><bold>и</bold><bold> </bold><bold>методы.</bold> В проекте приняли участие три медицинские организации (МО). Были отобраны КТ-исследования органов грудной клетки, выполненные в данных МО в период с октября 2022 по октябрь 2023 года у пациентов &gt;50 лет, у которых по данным ИИ-сервисов определили наличие признаков ОП (КП и/или снижение рентгеновской плотности тел позвонков). Каждый случай был повторно пересмотрен врачами-рентгенологами на наличие ошибок сервиса. В МО лечащему врачу был направлен итоговый список пациентов, которым необходимо пройти обследование методом двухэнергетической рентгеновской абсорбциометрии (ДРА) для подтверждения диагноза «остеопороз».</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold><bold> </bold>За 12 месяцев ИИ-сервисами было проанализировано 5394 КТ-исследования. У 1125 пациентов были выявлены КП и/или снижение рентгеновской плотности тел позвонков. Были исключены пациенты с ранее установленным диагнозом «остеопороз»; пациенты, которые отказались или не смогли пройти дообследования. ДРА прошли 66 пациентов. Возраст пациентов имел размах от 54 до 86 лет; медиана (Q1-Q3) — 70 (62–74), соотношение мужчин и женщин составило 21 и 79%. По данным ДРА у 26 (39,4%) обследованных пациентов были выявлены показатели минеральной плотности кости, которые соответствуют ОП, у 37 (56,1%) — остеопении, и у 3 (4,5%) — норме. Были рассчитаны метрики точности методик ДРА и оценка рентгеновской плотности костной ткани по КТ: чувствительность — 0,71 и 0,91; специфичность — 0,80 и 0,55; точность — 0,76 и 0,67. Продемонстрированы статистически значимые различия состояний «остеопороз / остеопения / норма», принадлежности пациентов к группе возрастной нормы и группы пациентов, выделенные сервисами ИИ (при <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,001).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные результаты исследования свидетельствуют о целесообразности использования ИИ-сервисов для диагностики ОП по данным рутинных КТ-исследований в качестве компонента оппортунистического скрининга.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>osteoporosis</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>computed tomography</kwd><kwd>compression fractures</kwd><kwd>opportunistic screening</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>остеопороз</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>компьютерная томография</kwd><kwd>компрессионные переломы</kwd><kwd>оппортунистический скрининг</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Департамент здравоохранения города Москвы</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow City Health Department</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>1196</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Belaya ZhE, Belova KYu, Biryukova EV, et al. Federal clinical guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases. 2021;24(2):4–47. doi: 10.14341/osteo12930 EDN: TUONYE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>The International Society For Clinical Densitometry (ISCD). The Adult Official Positions of the ISCD. 2023. Available from: https://iscd.org/official-positions-2023/ Accessed: Apr 18, 2023.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Petryaikin AV, Artyukova ZR, Nizovtsova LA, et al. M 54 Methodological recommendations for conducting dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Moscow: GBUZ “NPCC DiT DZM”; 2022. 60 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Alacreu E, Moratal D, Arana E. Opportunistic screening for osteoporosis by routine CT in Southern Europe. Osteoporosis International. 2017;28(3):983–990. doi: 10.1007/s00198-016-3804-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Gossner J. Missed incidental vertebral compression fractures on computed tomography imaging: More optimism justified. World J Radiol. 2010;21(2):472–473. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v2.i12.472</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Carberry GA, Pooler BD, Binkley N, et al. Unreported vertebral body compression fractures at abdominal multidetector CT. Radiology. 2013;268(1):120–126. doi: 10.1148/radiol.13121632</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Vasiliev YuA, Vladzimirsky AV. Computer vision in radiation diagnostics: the first stage of the Moscow Experiment. Moscow: Publishing Solution; 2023. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Pisov M, Kondratenko V, Zakharov A, et al. Keypoints Localization for Joint Vertebra Detection and Fracture Severity Quantification. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 2020;12266:723–732. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-59725-2_70</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Tomita N, Cheung YY, Hassanpour S. Deep neural networks for automatic detection of osteoporotic vertebral fractures on CT scans. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2018;98:8–15. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.05.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Cheng X, Zhao K, Zha X, et al. Opportunistic Screening Using Low-Dose CT and the Prevalence of Osteoporosis in China: A Nationwide, Multicenter Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2021;36(3):427–435. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4187</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Artificial intelligence services in radiation diagnostics. 2023. Available from: https://mosmed.ai/ Accessed: Apr 18, 2023. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Genant HK, Wu CY, van Kuijk C, et al. Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res. 1993;8(9):1137–48. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.5650080915</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Petryaikin AV, Belaya ZhE, Belyaev MG, et al. Accuracy of automatic diagnostics of compression fractures of vertebral bodies according to the morphometric algorithm of artificial intelligence. Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases. 2022;25(3):92–93. (In Russ.). doi: 10.14341/osteo13064</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Petraikin AV, Artyukova ZR, Kudryavtsev ND, et al. Analysis of Age Distribution of Bone Mineral Density by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 2023;104(1):21–29. doi: 10.20862/0042-4676-2023-104-1-21-29 EDN: ULUKYU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Lesnyak OM, Yershova OB, Zakroeva AG, et al. Audit of the Russian Osteoporosis Association. 2020. Р. 44. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Salari N, Ghasemi H, Mohammadi L, et al. The global prevalence of osteoporosis in the world: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2021;16(1):609. doi: 10.1186/s13018-021-02772-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Murata K, Endo K, Aihara T, et al. Artificial intelligence for the detection of vertebral fractures on plain spinal radiography. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):20031. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76866-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Dong Q, Luo G, Lane NE, et al. Deep Learning Classification of Spinal Osteoporotic Compression Fractures on Radiographs using an Adaptation of the Genant Semiquantitative Criteria. Acad Radiol. 2022;29(12):1819–1832. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2022.02.020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Valentinitsch A, Trebeschi S, Kaesmacher J, et al. Opportunistic osteoporosis screening in multi-detector CT images via local classification of textures. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(6):1275–1285. doi: 10.1007/s00198-019-04910-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Yasaka K, Akai H, Kunimatsu A, et al. Prediction of bone mineral density from computed tomography: application of deep learning with a convolutional neural network. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(6):3549–3557. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-06677-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Nam KH, Seo I, Kim DH, et al. Machine Learning Model to Predict Osteoporotic Spine with Hounsfield Units on Lumbar Computed Tomography. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2019;62(4):442–449. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2018.0178</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang J, Liu J, Liang Z, et al. Differentiation of acute and chronic vertebral compression fractures using conventional CT based on deep transfer learning features and hand-crafted radiomics features. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023;24(1):165. doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06281-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Certificate of State registration of the database No. 2023621171 Russian Federation. Vasiliev YuA, Turavilova EV, Vladzimirsky AV, et al. MosMedData: CT scan with signs of spinal osteoporosis. The applicant is the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of the city of Moscow “Scientific and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Department of Healthcare of the City of Moscow”. Registration date: 04/11/2023. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Vasiliev YuA, Vlazimirsky AV, Omelyanskaya OV, et al. Methodology for testing and monitoring artificial intelligence-based software for medical diagnostics. Digital Diagnostics. 2023;4(3):252−267. doi: 10.17816/DD321971 EDN: UEDORU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Bobrovskaya TM, Kirpichev YS, Savkina EF, Chetverikov SF, Arzamasov KM. Development and validation of a tool for statistical comparison of roc-curves using the example of algorithms based on artificial intelligence technologies Medical doctor and information technologies. 2023;3:4–15. doi: 10.25881/18110193_2023_3_4 EDN: CUFICX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Artyukova ZR, Kudryavtsev ND, Petraikin AV, et al. Using an artificial intelligence algorithm to assess the bone mineral density of the vertebral bodies based on computed tomography data. Medical Visualization. 2023;27(2):125–137. doi: 10.24835/1607-0763-1257 EDN: FQACCV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Petraikin AV, Belaya ZhE, Kiseleva AN, et al. Artificial intelligence for diagnosis of vertebral compression fractures using a morphometric analysis model, based on convolutional neural networks. Problems of Endocrinology. 2020;66(5):48–60. doi: 10.14341/probl12605 EDN: GLXSYG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Löffler MT, Jacob A, Scharr A, et al. Automatic opportunistic osteoporosis screening in routine CT: improved prediction of patients with prevalent vertebral fractures compared to DXA. Eur Radiol. 2021;31(8):6069–6077. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07655-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Petraikin AV, Toroptsova NV, Nikitsinskaya OA, et al. Using asynchronous quantitative computed tomography for opportunistic screening of osteoporosis. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2022;60(3):360–368. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2022-360-368 EDN: KTYJHB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Mikhailov EE, Benevolenskaya LI. Epidemiology of osteoporosis and fractures. In: A Guide to Osteoporosis. Moscow: BINOM. Laboratory of Knowledge; 2003: 10–55. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Morozov SP, Gavrilov AV, Arkhipov IV, et al. Effect of artificial intelligence technologies on the CT scan interpreting time in COVID-19 patients in inpatient setting. Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2022;25(1):14–20. doi: 10.17116/profmed20222501114 EDN: QRZZKS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Vladzymyrskyy AV, Kudryavtsev ND, Kozhikhina DD, et al. Effectiveness of using artificial intelligence technologies for dual descriptions of the results of preventive lung examinations. Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2022;25(7):7–15. doi: 10.17116/profmed2022250717 EDN: JNUMFN</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
