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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-8678</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-6738</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">643121</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/vto643121</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">YVRMAJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Sequential osteosynthesis in the context of modern armed conflicts</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Последовательный остеосинтез в условиях современных вооружённых конфликтов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5783-6958</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3131-1308</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kerimov</surname><given-names>Artur A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Керимов</surname><given-names>Артур Асланович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>kerartur@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0964-653X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5928-5370</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khominets</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хоминец</surname><given-names>Игорь Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>khominets24_91@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7166-0290</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8770-6877</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Perekhodov</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Переходов</surname><given-names>Сергей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>PEREKHODOV-SN@msmsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0873-1380</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5118-9215</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>Nikolay S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>Николай Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>meddikk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2667-341X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8906-6553</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bekshokov</surname><given-names>Kazbek K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бекшоков</surname><given-names>Казбек Керимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, resident</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор</p></bio><email>kazbek.bekshokov.99@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0198-7693</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5143-3630</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nelin</surname><given-names>Maksim N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нелин</surname><given-names>Максим Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>nelinmaksimdoc@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-9601</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6736-1323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kukushko</surname><given-names>Evgeniy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кукушко</surname><given-names>Евгений Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>doctrauma87@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9087-1421</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9908-6830</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Besedin</surname><given-names>Vladimir D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беседин</surname><given-names>Владимир Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>BesedinVD@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2242-6358</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9005-9207</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tverdokhlebov</surname><given-names>Sergey I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Твердохлебов</surname><given-names>Сергей Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Physics and Mathematics), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>tverd@tpu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0168-0952</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7317-8713</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozelskaya</surname><given-names>Anna I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козельская</surname><given-names>Анна Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>kozelskayaai@tpu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Main Military Clinical Hospital named after N.N. Burdenko</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Главный военный клинический госпиталь им. Н.Н. Бурденко</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University (Tomsk Polytechnic University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет (Томский политехнический университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-05-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>325</fpage><lpage>335</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-17"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-01-29"><day>29</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-07-22"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/643121">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/643121</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold><italic> </italic>Limb injuries remain the most prevalent combat injuries in modern armed conflicts, accounting for 55% to 75% of all cases. The transosseous compression-distraction osteosynthesis technique developed by Ilizarov has long been used in Russia to treat this patient population. However, given the current rate of mass casualty admissions to central military medical facilities, there is a growing need to improve treatment quality while shortening treatment time. Sequential internal osteosynthesis is one way for improving care. Antibiotic-coated implants reduce the risk of infectious complications during sequential osteosynthesis.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to assess the efficacy of sequential osteosynthesis in the treatment of gunshot fractures of long bones of the limbs in the current armed conflict setting, based on our clinical experience and global scientific data.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold><italic> </italic>The study is based on an analysis of treatment outcomes in 320 patients with upper and lower limb injuries who received specialized medical care at the Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the N.N. Burdenko Main Military Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Patients were divided into three groups based on the osteosynthesis technique used. All patients were male, aged 18 to 59 years, with a mean age of 32.2 ± 9.02 years. Stepwise X-ray examinations were performed in all patients following osteosynthesis. Functional outcomes of humeral fracture treatment were assessed using the DASH score, whereas functional outcomes of femoral and tibial fracture treatment were evaluated using the Neer–Grantham–Shelton scale.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The study included 90 patients (28.125%) with humeral fractures and 230 patients (71.875%) with lower limb injuries associated with femoral or tibial fractures. Shrapnel wounds and/or blast injuries predominated in 288 cases (90%). An intergroup comparison showed that antibiotic-coated implants significantly (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0167) accelerated the transition from external to internal fixation and reduced the risk of infectious complications.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold><bold> </bold>Sequential osteosynthesis has proven to be an effective two-stage treatment for long bone fractures in wounded individuals. In the context of modern armed conflict, it is considered the primary approach to managing isolated and multiple uncomplicated gunshot fractures, provided that established guidelines are strictly followed. Furthermore, given the recent advances in traumatology and orthopedics, antibiotic-coated implants can be used to reduce the risk of infectious complications.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> В условиях современных вооружённых конфликтов в структуре боевых санитарных потерь по-прежнему превалируют ранения конечностей, составляя от 55 до 75% от их общего числа. На протяжении длительного времени в нашей стране для лечения данной категории пациентов применяли методику чрескостного компрессионно-дистракционного остеосинтеза по Г.А. Илизарову. Однако в нынешних условиях массового поступления раненых в центральные военно-медицинские организации возникает необходимость в улучшении качества и сокращении сроков их лечения. Одним из способов оптимизации лечения является применение последовательного внутреннего остеосинтеза. А внедрение внутренних фиксаторов с антибактериальным покрытием позволяет снизить количество инфекционных осложнений при проведении последовательного остеосинтеза.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Проанализировать на основе нашего клинического опыта и данных мировой литературы эффективность применения методики последовательного остеосинтеза при лечении раненых с огнестрельными переломами длинных костей конечностей в условиях нынешнего вооружённого конфликта.</p> <p><bold>Материалы</bold><bold> </bold><bold>и</bold><bold> </bold><bold>методы.</bold> Работа основана на анализе результатов лечения 320 пациентов с ранениями верхних и нижних конечностей, находившихся на этапе оказания специализированной медицинской помощи в центре травматологии и ортопедии Главного военного клинического госпиталя им. Н.Н. Бурденко Министерства обороны Российской Федерации. В зависимости от используемой методики остеосинтеза пациенты были разделены на три группы. Все пациенты были лицами мужского пола в возрасте от 18 до 59 лет, их средний возраст составил 32,2±9,02 года. Всем пациентам выполнялись этапные рентгенограммы после проведения остеосинтеза. Функциональный результат лечения при переломах плечевой кости оценивался по шкале DASH, а функциональный результат при переломах бедренной и большеберцовой кости — по шкале Neer-Grantham-Shelton.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Пациентов с переломами плечевой кости было 90 (28,125%), а с ранениями нижних конечностей, сопровождающимися переломами бедренной и большеберцовой кости, — 230 (71,875%).<bold><italic> </italic></bold>У 288 раненых (90%) преобладали осколочные ранения и/или взрывные повреждения. При сравнении групп пациентов между собой отмечено, что использование внутренних имплантатов с антибактериальным покрытием позволяет значимо (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0,0167) сократить сроки перехода с внешней фиксации на внутреннюю, а также снизить риск развития инфекционных осложнений.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold><bold><italic> </italic></bold>Последовательный остеосинтез хорошо зарекомендовал себя как двухэтапный метод лечения раненых с переломами длинных костей конечностей и в условиях современного вооружённого конфликта рассматривается как основной метод при лечении изолированных и множественных неосложнённых огнестрельных переломов при строгом соблюдении определённых рекомендаций. Кроме того, на нынешнем этапе развития травматологии и ортопедии существует возможность применения имплантатов с антибактериальным покрытием, что позволяет снизить риск развития инфекционных осложнений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fracture osteosynthesis</kwd><kwd>gunshot wounds</kwd><kwd>antibiotic coating</kwd><kwd>limb bone fractures</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>остеосинтез переломов</kwd><kwd>огнестрельные ранения</kwd><kwd>антибактериальное покрытие</kwd><kwd>переломы костей конечностей</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Trishkin DV, Kryukov EV, Davydov DV, et al. Development of the concept of providing medical care to the wounded with injuries of the musculoskeletal system in modern conditions. 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