<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-8678</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-6738</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">646214</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/vto646214</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QWNLGQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Review of contemporary robotic systems used in total knee arthroplasty</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обзор современных роботизированных систем, применяемых при эндопротезировании коленного сустава</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7507-7772</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7333-6640</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Airapetov</surname><given-names>Georgii A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Айрапетов</surname><given-names>Георгий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>airapetovga@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6736-9772</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6889-8166</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagorodniy</surname><given-names>Nikolay V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загородний</surname><given-names>Николай Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>zagorodniy51@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6692-0975</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9880-2555</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Daniliyants</surname><given-names>Armen A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Данильянц</surname><given-names>Армен Альбертович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>armendts@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2316-5241</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2952-7527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bezverkhiy</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Безверхий</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>dr.bezverkhiy@me.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4361-6482</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3684-8349</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Naidanov</surname><given-names>Vadim F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Найданов</surname><given-names>Вадим Фёдорович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>adimfn@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-0848</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2938-4587</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitrov</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитров</surname><given-names>Иван Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>dr.dmitrov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7329-4446</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Al Kafavin</surname><given-names>Anjum H.A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аль Кафавин</surname><given-names>Анджум Хасан Аталлах</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anjum.hasan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5770-7304</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samkovich</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самкович</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dmitry.samkovitch@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Clinical Hospital № 31 of the Moscow Health Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская клиническая больница № 31 имени академика Г.М. Савельевой Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Priorov National Medical Research Centre of Traumatology and Orthopaedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>676</fpage><lpage>684</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-14"><day>14</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-11"><day>11</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-10-05"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/646214">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/646214</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Recent advances in orthopedic technologies have significantly increased surgeons’ interest in robotic systems used for total knee arthroplasty. The use of robotic platforms in routine clinical practice enhances the precision of implant component positioning, improves soft tissue balance, and potentially shortens postoperative recovery time. This work aimed to provide a comparative overview of modern robotic systems utilized in primary total knee arthroplasty. A systematic search of scientific data was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, and eLIBRARY databases using relevant keywords in both Russian and English. The review includes randomized and non-randomized studies, meta-analyses, narrative reviews, and systematic reviews published over the past five years. Active and semi-active systems are identified and described in detail, along with their operating mechanisms, features of preoperative planning (image-based vs image-less), and differences between open and closed platforms. Comparative characteristics of the most widely used systems—ROSA, MAKO, VELYS, CORI, and Cuvis Joint—are presented, highlighting their advantages and limitations according to our opinion. The analysis demonstrates that none of the systems is universal; each has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the choice depends on the surgeon’s preferences, the team’s experience, and the capabilities of the medical institution. Despite the high cost of equipment and the need for specialized training, robotic technologies continue to develop rapidly and are being increasingly adopted in orthopedic surgery, including in Russia, underscoring their potential to improve treatment outcomes for patients with gonarthrosis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Современное развитие технологий в ортопедии значительно усилило интерес хирургов к роботизированным системам, применяемым при тотальном эндопротезировании коленного сустава (ТЭКС). Использование роботических установок в рутинной практике позволяет повысить точность позиционирования компонентов эндопротеза, улучшить мягкотканный баланс и потенциально сократить сроки послеоперационного восстановления. Целью данной работы является сравнительный обзор современных роботизированных систем, применяемых при первичном ТЭКС. В работе проведён систематический поиск публикаций в базах данных PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate и eLIBRARY на русском и английском языке с использованием релевантных ключевых слов. В обзор включены рандомизированные и нерандомизированные исследования, метаанализы, обзоры и систематические обзоры за последние 5 лет. Выделены и подробно описаны активные и полуактивные системы, механизмы их работы, особенности предоперационного планирования (image-based и image-less), а также различия между открытыми и закрытыми платформами. В работе представлены сравнительные характеристики наиболее распространённых систем — ROSA, MAKO, VELYS, CORI и Cuvis Joint — с их преимуществами и недостатками по мнению авторов. Анализ показывает, что ни одна из систем не является универсальной: каждая имеет свои сильные и слабые стороны, а выбор зависит от предпочтений хирурга, опыта команды и возможностей клиники. Несмотря на высокую стоимость оборудования и необходимость обучения, роботизированные технологии продолжают активно развиваться и внедряться в практику ортопедической хирургии, в том числе в России, что подчёркивает их перспективность в повышении качества лечения пациентов с гонартрозом.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>robotic total knee arthroplasty</kwd><kwd>ROSA</kwd><kwd>MAKO</kwd><kwd>VELYS</kwd><kwd>CORI</kwd><kwd>Cuvis Joint</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>роботическое эндопротезирование коленного сустава</kwd><kwd>ROSA</kwd><kwd>MAKO</kwd><kwd>VELYS</kwd><kwd>CORI</kwd><kwd>Cuvis Joint</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Shao W, Hou H, Han Q, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional survey in Nanjing, China. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1441408. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1441408</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Pires DPC, Monte FAD, Monteiro LF, et al. Updates in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo). 2024;59(3):e337–e348. doi: 10.1055/s-0044-1786351</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Somaiya KJ, Samal S, Boob MA. Physiotherapeutic intervention techniques for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Cureus. 2024;16(3):e56817. doi: 10.7759/cureus.56817</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Marsh M, Newman S. Trends and developments in hip and knee arthroplasty technology. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng. 2021;8:2055668320952043. doi: 10.1177/2055668320952043</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Dmitrov IA, Zakharyan NG, Bezverkhiy SV, et al. Arteriovenous fistula as a complication after total knee joint replacement. Polytrauma. 2019;(3):77–82. EDN: SXSDWD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Parisi FR, Zampogna B, Zampoli A, et al. Planning accuracy and stem offset assessment in digital two-dimensional versus three-dimensional planning in cementless hip arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2024;13(21):6566. doi: 10.3390/jcm13216566</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Rodriguez-Merchan EC. Patient satisfaction following primary total knee arthroplasty: contributing factors. Arch Bone Joint Surg. 2021;9(4):379–386. doi: 10.22038/ABJS.2020.46395.2274</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Gardner J, Roman ER, Bhimani R, et al. Aetiology of patient dissatisfaction following primary total knee arthroplasty in the era of robotic-assisted technology. Bone Jt Open. 2024;5(9):758–765. doi: 10.1302/2633-1462.59.BJO-2024-0099.R1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Selvanathan N, Ayeni FE, Sorial R. Is 80% satisfaction still the expectation in modern TKA mechanically aligned with robot assist? We think not. J Robot Surg. 2024;18(1):137. doi: 10.1007/s11701-024-01888-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Nagarkatti A, Strecker S, Nagarkatti D, et al. The role of imageless computer-assisted navigation during total knee arthroplasty on femoral component sagittal alignment and outcomes. Arthroplast Today. 2024;28:101455. doi: 10.1016/j.artd.2024.101455</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Mancino F, Rossi SMP, Sangaletti R, et al. Increased accuracy in component positioning using an image-less robotic arm system in primary total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2024;144(1):393–404. doi: 10.1007/s00402-023-05062-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Li XX, Cao F, Zhao CN, et al. Global burden of osteoarthritis: prevalence and temporal trends from 1990 to 2019. Int J Rheum Dis. 2024;27(8):e15285. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.15285</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>McAuliffe M, Darwish I, Anderson J, et al. Association of technology usage and decreased revision TKA rates for low-volume surgeons using an optimal prosthesis combination: an analysis of 53 264 primary TKAs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2024;106(22):2063–2072. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.24.00539</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Webb ML, Hutchison CE, Sloan M, et al. Reduced postoperative morbidity in computer-navigated total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective comparison of 225 123 cases. Knee. 2021;30:148–156. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2020.12.015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Tsukada S, Ogawa H, Nishino M, et al. Augmented reality-assisted femoral bone resection in total knee arthroplasty. JB JS Open Access. 2021;6(3):e21.00001. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.OA.21.00001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Lakhotia D, Agrawal U, Singh SP. A prospective randomized study on whether computer navigation is better than conventional total knee replacement in terms of short-term functional and clinical outcomes. Cureus. 2024;16(1):e53226. doi: 10.7759/cureus.53226</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Patrick NJ, Man LLC, Wai-Wang C, et al. No difference in long-term functional outcomes or survivorship after total knee arthroplasty with or without computer navigation: a 17-year survivorship analysis. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2021;33(1):30. doi: 10.1186/s43019-021-00114-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Shah SM. After 25 years of computer-navigated total knee arthroplasty, where do we stand today? Arthroplasty. 2021;3(1):41. doi: 10.1186/s42836-021-00100-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Mathew KK, Marchand KB, Tarazi JM, et al. Computer-assisted navigation in total knee arthroplasty. Surg Technol Int. 2020;36:323–330.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Gothesen O, Skaden O, Dyrhovden GS, et al. Computerized navigation: a useful tool in total knee replacement. JBJS Essent Surg Tech. 2020;10(2):e0022. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.ST.19.00022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Roheet SSV, Kannan A. Does robotic assistance help with bone preservation in total knee replacement? Indian J Orthop. 2024;58(8):1098–1102. doi: 10.1007/s43465-024-01126-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Daoub A, Qayum K, Patel R, et al. Robotic assisted versus conventional total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Robot Surg. 2024;18(1):364. doi: 10.1007/s11701-024-02048-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Airapetov GA, Yablonskiy PK, Serdobintsev MS, Dziov ZV, Naumov DG. Robot-assisted knee arthroplasty: first experience (a prospective randomized study). Orthopaedic Genius. 2023;29(5):475–480. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-5-475-480 EDN: PXAFKP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Han S, Rodriguez-Quintana D, Freedhand AM, et al. Contemporary robotic systems in total knee arthroplasty: a review of accuracy and outcomes. Orthop Clin North Am. 2021;52(2):83–92. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2020.12.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Weiner TR, Ferreri ED, Sarpong NO, et al. Robotic total knee arthroplasty is associated with earlier return of postoperative range of motion. Surg Technol Int. 2023;43:197–201. doi: 10.52198/23.STI.43.OS1724</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Siddiqi A, Horan T, Molloy RM, et al. A clinical review of robotic navigation in total knee arthroplasty: historical systems to modern design. EFORT Open Rev. 2021;6(4):252–269. doi: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200071</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Balaguer-Castro M, Torner P, Jornet-Gibert M, et al. Current situation of robotics in knee prosthetic surgery: a technology that has come to stay? Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol. 2023;67(4):334–341. doi: 10.1016/j.recot.2023.02.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Shichman I, Rajahraman V, Chow J, et al. Clinical, radiographic, and patient-reported outcomes associated with a handheld image-free robotic-assisted surgical system in total knee arthroplasty. Orthop Clin North Am. 2023;54(2):141–151. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2022.11.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Buchan G, Ong C, Hecht C, et al. Equivalent radiation exposure with robotic total hip replacement using a novel, fluoroscopic-guided (CT-free) system: case-control study versus manual technique. J Robot Surg. 2023;17(4):1561–1567. doi: 10.1007/s11701-023-01554-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Hasegawa M, Tone S, Naito Y, et al. Comparison of accuracy and early outcomes in robotic total knee arthroplasty using NAVIO and ROSA. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):3192. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53789-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou G, Wang X, Geng X, et al. Comparison of alignment accuracy and clinical outcomes between a CT-based, saw cutting robotic system and a CT-free, jig-guided robotic system for total knee arthroplasty. Orthop Surg. 2024;16(5):1168–1174. doi: 10.1111/os.14055</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Demirtas Y, Emet A, Ayik G, et al. A novel robot-assisted knee arthroplasty system (ROSA) and 1-year outcome: a single center experience. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(42):e35710. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035710</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Gamie Z, Paparoidamis G, Milonakis N, et al. The ROSA knee robotic system demonstrates superior precision in restoring joint line height and posterior condylar offset compared to conventional manual TKA: a retrospective case-control study. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2024;34(5):2449–2455. doi: 10.1007/s00590-024-03942-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Rossi SMP, Sangaletti R, Perticarini L, et al. High accuracy of a new robotically assisted technique for total knee arthroplasty: an in vivo study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2023;31(3):1153–1161. doi: 10.1007/s00167-021-06800-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Kenanidis E, Boutos P, Sitsiani O, et al. The learning curve to ROSA: cases needed to match the surgery time between a robotic-assisted and a manual primary total knee arthroplasty. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2023;33(8):3357–3363. doi: 10.1007/s00590-023-03554-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Gamie Z, Kenanidis E, Douvlis G, et al. Accuracy of the imageless mode of the ROSA robotic system for targeted resection thickness in total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, single-surgeon case-series study. Int J Med Robot. 2024;20(6):e70029. doi: 10.1002/rcs.70029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Hoskins T, Begley B, Giacalone JD, et al. MakoTM robotic-arm-assisted total hip and total knee arthroplasty outcomes in an orthopedic oncology setting: a case series. J Orthop. 2023;46:70–77. doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2023.10.021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Dretakis K, Koutserimpas C. Pitfalls with the MAKO robotic-arm-assisted total knee arthroplasty. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024;60(2):262. doi: 10.3390/medicina60020262</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Tsai HK, Bao Z, Wu D, et al. A new gap balancing technique with functional alignment in total knee arthroplasty using the MAKO robotic arm system: a preliminary study. BMC Surg. 2024;24(1):232. doi: 10.1186/s12893-024-02524-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Ma N, Sun P, Xin P, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of MAKO robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty versus conventional manual total knee arthroplasty in uncomplicated unilateral total knee arthroplasty: a single-centre retrospective analysis. Int Orthop. 2024;48(9):2351–2358. doi: 10.1007/s00264-024-06234-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Shatrov J, Foissey C, Batailler C, et al. How long does image based robotic total knee arthroplasty take during the learning phase? Analysis of the key steps from the first fifty cases. Int Orthop. 2023;47(2):437–446. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05618-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Hutapea REP, Gani KS, Budimansyah M, et al. Precision in total knee replacement: a technical note on the VELYS robotic-assisted tibial-femoral approach. Cureus. 2024;16(11):e73104. doi: 10.7759/cureus.73104</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Huang P, Cross M, Gupta A, et al. Early clinical and economic outcomes for the VELYS robotic-assisted solution compared with manual instrumentation for total knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg. 2024;37(12):864–872. doi: 10.1055/a-2343-2444</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Huang P, Cross M, Gupta A, et al. Are all robotic technologies created equal? Comparing one of the latest image-free robotic technologies to all other robotic systems for total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res. 2024;19(1):647. doi: 10.1186/s13018-024-05150-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Parameswaran A, Reddy JN, Ponnala VK, et al. Precise calibration of femoral component rotation using the posterior condylar axis as a reference during image-free robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty: a technical note. J Orthop Case Rep. 2024;14(6):191–197. doi: 10.13107/jocr.2024.v14.i06.4548</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Cochrane NH, Kim BI, Leal J, et al. Comparing a robotic imageless second-generation system to traditional instrumentation in total knee arthroplasty: a matched cohort analysis. J Orthop. 2024;57:1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2024.05.022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Adamska O, Modzelewski K, Szymczak J, et al. Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty utilizing NAVIO, CORI imageless systems and manual TKA accurately restore femoral rotational alignment and yield satisfactory clinical outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(2):236. doi: 10.3390/medicina59020236</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Bhattacharjee SK, Kundu Choudhury A, Priyadarshi S, et al. Functional outcome in obese patients undergoing image-based cruciate retaining robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty using the subvastus approach: a short-term study. Cureus. 2024;16(9):e68430. doi: 10.7759/cureus.68430</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Chandrashekar P, Babu KA, Nagaraja HS, et al. Intra-operative safety of an autonomous robotic system for total knee replacement: a review of 500 cases in India. Indian J Orthop. 2023;57(11):1800–1808. doi: 10.1007/s43465-023-00970-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Lychagin AV, Gritsyuk AA, Rukin YaA, et al. Clinical evaluation and accuracy of mechanical axis alignment in robotic total knee arthroplasty. Orthopaedic Genius. 2023;29(5):487–494. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-5-487-494 EDN: QKZVVF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Lychagin AV, Gritsyuk AA, Rukin YaA, et al. The first experience of using a new generation of active robot in primary total knee arthroplasty. The Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2024;(1):22–29. doi: 10.17238/2226-2016-2024-1-22-29 EDN: FVXTBR</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
