<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-8678</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-6738</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">677237</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/vto677237</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ESGFNF</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Clinical case reports</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Клинические случаи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Finger bowstringing contracture correction in cases after flexor tendons laceration treatment</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Устранение сгибательной контрактуры с ладонным «парусом» у пациентов с последствиями повреждений сухожилий сгибателей пальцев кисти</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6894-1427</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6967-1949</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Miguleva</surname><given-names>Irina Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мигулева</surname><given-names>Ирина Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>imiguleva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4581-449X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9664-0137</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vaza</surname><given-names>Aleksandr Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ваза</surname><given-names>Александр Юльевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>vazaau@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8616-920X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2232-0852</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fain</surname><given-names>Alexey M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Файн</surname><given-names>Алексей Максимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>fainam@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sklifosovsky Institute for Emergency Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи им. Н.В. Склифосовского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.E. Bauman City Clinical Hospital № 29</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская клиническая больница № 29 им. Н.Э. Баумана</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>386</fpage><lpage>396</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-17"><day>17</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-29"><day>29</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-05-31"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/677237">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/677237</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>INTRODUCTION: </bold>The problems of bowstringing deformity management strategies in cases after flexor tendon surgery are not often if ever discussed in Russian-language medical literature.</p> <p><bold>CASES DESCRIPTION:</bold> Our experience comprises 25 patients to whom bowstringing deformity correction was carried out in 29 digits. Our findings at surgery and flexor tendon bed exploration let us to point out the two types of bowstringing deformity: with additional loss of extension from iatrogenic longitudinal scar shortening in 22 of our 29 cases (76%) and with no pathology of the skin as 7 cases of 29 (24%) exhibited. In most cases, flexor tendons were found embedded in the skin velum, sutured over intact pulleys; exploration confirmed anatomical integrity of the A2 pulley, despite complete collapse of the underlying canal opening. The developed surgical strategy was based on a staged treatment principle. Correction of cicatricial deformity of the palmar skin was performed as the first stage, after that the two-stage deep flexor tendon grafting procedure was performed with silicone implant insertion initially. In cases of long-standing arthrogenic contractures, external fixation devise at separate stage was mounted and graduated distraction was performed in 2 of 29 fingers (7%). In the course of silicone rod insertion procedure, we succeeded in preserving of the intact A2 and A4 in all cases owing to author-developed pulley transverse cutting in parts technique. Reconstruction of previously damaged A2 pulley was required in 4 cases. Pulley reconstruction was performed using the technique described by Okutsu et al. (1987) and Dy, Daluiski (2013), with a minor modification.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The outcomes of patients' treatment and results of bowstringing deformity correction are indicative of the developed surgical treatment protocol effectiveness. Bowstringing deformity responsible not only for the grip loss but also for cosmetic implication was corrected completely with no recurrence tendency in all 29 cases. Out of 23 cases, full finger motion was restored in 1 case (4.5%), good functional recovery in 15 cases (65%) was achieved, and fair recovery in 7 cases (30.5%). In 6 cases, patients declined tendon grafting.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Вопросы тактики лечения деформации типа «парус» ладонной поверхности пальцев как осложнения восстановительных операций на сухожилиях сгибателей в отечественной специальной литературе практически не рассматриваются.</p> <p><bold>Описание клинических случаев.</bold> Наш опыт включает коррекцию сгибательной контрактуры с ладонным кожным «парусом» у 25 пациентов на 29 пальцах. Данные ревизии области повреждения и операционные находки позволили нам выделить два варианта ладонного кожного «паруса»: с ятрогенной рубцовой деформацией кожного покрова в 22 случаях из 29 (76%) и без дерматогенного компонента в 7 случаях из 29 (24%). В большинстве случаев мы обнаружили в толще кожного «паруса» сухожилия сгибателей, сшитые поверх интактных связок-блоков; ревизия в таких случаях показала анатомическую целостность связки-блока А2, хотя просвет канала под ней был полностью спавшимся. В основу разработанной методики был положен принцип этапности оперативных вмешательств, устранение рубцовой деформации кожного покрова ладонной поверхности пальца выполняли первым этапом, затем приступали к реконструкции сухожилий сгибателей с временным силиконовым эндопротезированием. Для устранения артрогенного компонента длительно существующих контрактур проводили дозированную дистракцию в аппарате наружной фиксации отдельным этапом в 2 случаях из 29 (7٪). При установке силиконового эндопротеза сухожилия глубокого сгибателя анатомическую целостность обнаруженных интактных связок-блоков А2 и А4 удалось сохранить во всех случаях благодаря разработанному техническому приёму их поперечного фрагментирования. Реконструкция обнаруженной разрушенной связки-блока А2 была выполнена в 4 случаях. Для реконструкции связок-блоков мы применили технику I. Okutsu и соавт. (1987) — C. Dy, A. Daluiski (2013) в небольшой модификации.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Результаты применения разработанного протокола этапного хирургического лечения пациентов с контрактурами пальцев кисти смешанного генеза и наличием ладонного кожного «паруса» указывают на его эффективность. Деформация «парус», не только вызывавшая ограничение функции, но и нарушавшая внешний вид кисти, была полностью устранена без тенденции к рецидивированию во всех 29 случаях. Восстановление полной двигательной функции пальца было достигнуто в 1 случае из 23 (4,5%), хорошее восстановление движений — в 15 случаях из 23 (65%) и удовлетворительное — в 7 случаях (30,5%), в 6 случаях пациенты отказались от пластики сухожилия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>finger pulley lesion</kwd><kwd>pulley reconstruction</kwd><kwd>flexor tendon reconstruction</kwd><kwd>case report</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>повреждение связок-блоков</kwd><kwd>реконструкция связок-блоков</kwd><kwd>пластика сухожилий сгибателей</kwd><kwd>клинический случай</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Doyle JR, Blythe WF. Anatomy of the flexor tendon sheath and pulleys of the thumb. J Hand Surg. 1977;2(2):149–151. doi: 10.1016/S0363-5023(77)80101-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Doyle JR. Anatomy of the finger flexor tendon sheath and pulley system. J Hand Surg. 1988;13(4):473–484. doi: 10.1016/S0363-5023(88)80082-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Zissimos AG, Szabo RM, Yinger KE, Sharkey NA. Biomechanics of the thumb flexor pulley system. J Hand Surg. 1994;19(3):475–479. doi: 10.1016/0363-5023(94)90066-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Sullivan JM 3rd, Edwards S, Waetjen E, Dogar S, Walker ME. Back to the Anatomy Lab to Redefine the Pulley System of the Thumb: Is there an A0 Pulley? Hand (N Y). 2024:15589447241302356. doi: 10.1177/15589447241302356</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Goodman HJ, Choueka J. Biomechanics of the flexor tendons. Hand Clin. 2005;21(2):129–149. doi: 10.1016/j.hcl.2004.11.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Schöffl VR, Einwag F, Strecker W. Schöffl I. Strength measurement and clinical outcome after pulley ruptures in climbers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(4):637–643. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000210199.87328.6a</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Clark TA, Skeete K, Amadio PC. Flexor tendon pulley reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am. 2010;35(10):1685–1689. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.07.029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Widstrom C, Doyle J, Johnson G, Manske P, McGee R. A mechanical study of six digital pulley reconstruction techniques: part II. Strength of individual reconstructions. J Hand Surg. 1989;14:826–829. doi: 10.1016/s0363-5023(89)80083-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Bowers WH, Kuzma GR, Bynum DK. Closed traumatic rupture of finger flexor pulleys. J Hand Surg Am. 1994;19(5):782–787. doi: 10.1016/0363-5023(94)90183-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Jakubietz MG, Meffert RH, Schmidt K, Gruenert JG, Jakubietz RG. Acute A4 pulley Reconstruction with a first extensor compartment onlay graft. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017;5(06):e1361. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000001361</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Cole KP, Uhl RL, Rosenbaum AJ. Comprehensive review of rock climbing injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020;28(12):e501–e509. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-19-00575</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Artiaco S, Bosco F, Lusso A, et al. Flexor Tendon Pulley Injuries: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Current Treatment Options. J Hand Microsurg. 2022;15(4):247–252. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1749420</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Bouyer M, Forli A, Semere A, et al. Recovery of rock climbing performance after surgical reconstruction of finger pulleys. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2016;41(4):406–412. doi: 10.1177/1753193415623914</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>King EA, Lien JR. Flexor tendon pulley injuries in rock climbers. Hand Clin. 2017;33(01):141–148. doi: 10.1016/j.hcl.2016.08.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Desai B, Sumarriva G, Dunbar R. Closed traumatic A2 through A4 pulley rupture and flexor digitorum superficialis avulsion treated with reconstruction. Ochsner J. 2021;21(01):99–103. doi: 10.31486/toj.19.0109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Schöffl I, Meisel J, Lutter C, Schöffl V. Feasibility of a new pulley repair: a cadaver study. J Hand Surg Am. 2018;43(4):380.e1–e380.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.08.028</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>De Vitis R, Passiatore M, Cilli V, et al. Feasibility of Homodigital Flexor Digitorum Superficialis transposition, a new technique for A2-C1 pulleys reconstruction: A kinematic cadaver study. J Orthop. 2020; 8(21):483–486. doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2020.09.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Soulii L, Amirouche F, Solitro G, et al. Evaluation of A2 and A4 hand pulley repair using tendon graft rings. J Hand Surg Am. 2021;46(07):626.e1–626.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.11.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Okutsu I, Ninomiya S, Hiraki S, Inanami H, Kuroshima N. Three-loop technique for A2 pulley reconstruction. J Hand Surg. 1987;12:790–794. doi: 10.1016/s0363-5023(87)80071-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Mehta V, Phillips CS. Flexor Tendon Pulley Reconstruction. Hand Clin. 2005;21(2):245–251. doi: 10.1016/j.hcl.2004.12.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Dy CJ, Daluiski A. Flexor Pulley Reconstruction. Hand Clinics. 2013;29(2):235–242. doi: 10.1016/j.hcl.2013.02.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Elliot D, Giesen T. Treatment of unfavourable results of flexor tendon surgery: Ruptured repairs, tethered repairs and pulley incompetence. Indian J Plast Surg. 2013;46:458–71. doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.121931</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Elliot D, Giesen T. Treatment of unfavourable results of flexor tendon surgery: Skin deficiencies. Indian J Plast Surg. 2013;46:325–32. doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.118611</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Lazarev AA, Korshunov VF. The use of external fixation device in treatment of fingers tenogenic contractures. In: Demichev NP, editor. Khirurgiya sukhozhilii. Volgograd, 1974. Trudy Astrakhanskogo meditsinskogo instituta, 24:56–57. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Rozov VI. Tendon injuries within the palm and the digits and treatment thereof. Leningrad: Medgiz; 1952. 192 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Leeflang S, Coert JH. The role of proximal pulleys in preventing tendon bowstringing: pulley rupture and tendon bowstringing. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2014;67(6):822e827. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2014.01.041</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Vandeputte G, Dubert T. Closed traumatic rupture of the flexor pulleys of a long finger associated with avulsion of the flexor digitorum superficialis. J Hand Surg Br. 2001;26(3):266–268. doi: 10.1054/jhsb.2001.0559</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
