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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-8678</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-6738</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678103</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/vto678103</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RXOXEL</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Approach to the treatment of osteomyelitis and fractures with critical bone loss using biocomposites containing nanoparticulate polymeric systems for intracellular delivery of BMP-encoding plasmids, tenoxicam, and vancomycin</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Подход к методике лечения остеомиелита и переломов с критической потерей костной ткани с использованием биокомпозитов, содержащих нанокорпускулярные полимерные системы внутриклеточной доставки КМБ-кодирующих плазмид, теноксикама и ванкомицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1554</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9295-7300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyatlov</surname><given-names>Valery A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дятлов</surname><given-names>Валерий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Chemistry), Professor; Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies — RTU MIREA</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р хим. наук, профессор; Институт тонких химических технологий им. М.В. Ломоносова, МИРЭА — Российский технологический университет</p></bio><email>dyatlov.va@muctr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7161-1691</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4657-6816</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Seregina</surname><given-names>Tatyana S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серёгина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tatiana.seregina.2016@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-1065</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belyaeva</surname><given-names>Anna  A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беляева</surname><given-names>Анна Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anna.myruleva.a@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0820-2913</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6053-2075</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malashiceva</surname><given-names>Anna B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малашичева</surname><given-names>Анна Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>аmalashicheva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6689-5220</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9690-5117</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vetrile</surname><given-names>Marchel S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ветрилэ</surname><given-names>Марчел Степанович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vetrilams@cito-priorov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4007-0233</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4370-2518</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vaniushenkova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ванюшенкова</surname><given-names>Анна Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>avaniushenkova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9245-4163</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6081-9545</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostandyan</surname><given-names>Eva S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костандян</surname><given-names>Ева Самвеловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>eva.kostandyan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8102-428X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9036-8433</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sulpovar</surname><given-names>Mikhail L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сульповар</surname><given-names>Михаил Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sulpovar.misha@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2358-0784</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2588-5313</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoriev</surname><given-names>Yuri V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьев</surname><given-names>Юрий Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Physics and Mathematics)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук</p></bio><email>ygrigoriev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1727-249X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5026-0314</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kordyukova</surname><given-names>Anna P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кордюкова</surname><given-names>Анна Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>annakordukova2002@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9206-0080</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyatlov</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дятлов</surname><given-names>Александр Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>alexander.dyatlov7@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский химико-технологический университет им. Д.И. Менделеева</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RTU MIREA</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">МИРЭА — Российский технологический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт цитологии Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский центр «Курчатовский институт»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>568</fpage><lpage>584</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-07"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-18"><day>18</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-10-05"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/678103">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/678103</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold><bold> </bold>Osteomyelitis remains a pressing problem due to its high recurrence rate and risk of serious complications. The situation is exacerbated by increasing antibiotic resistance, which reduces the effectiveness of conventional antibacterial therapy. In this context, the development of novel therapeutic strategies for osteomyelitis, especially in cases accompanied by critical bone loss, is of particular importance.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> The work aimed to test an approach to the treatment of purulent-septic inflammation complicated by bone tissue loss using biocomposite bone implants impregnated with a gel exhibiting multifunctional pharmacological activity, providing local antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic effects. The efficacy of the approach was evaluated in a rat model of experimental osteomyelitis.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The research methods included the development of polysaccharide gels with mechanical and rheological properties similar to those of soft tissues (G’ = 176–271 kPa, G’’ = 3.7–4.2 kPa), containing 250 mg/g of dry polymer of amikacin and vancomycin, 0.28 mg/mL of tenoxicam gel, and 12.83 ng/mL of a plasmid encoding bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), thereby ensuring the implants exert local antibacterial and targeted anti-inflammatory effects in combination with stimulation of bone tissue growth. Two types of nanoparticulate carriers of different diameters were introduced into the gel: hyaluronic gel nanoparticles with a bimodal size distribution (d = 100 and 3000 nm) for intracellular delivery of tenoxicam into phagocytic immunocompetent cells, and nanocapsules coated with a transfection agent (d = 50–100 nm) for transmembrane transport of the plasmid into non-phagocytic cells, whose ribosomes synthesize BMP-2, initiating differentiation via the osteogenic pathway. Antibiotics are released from the carrier only in response to bacterial attack on the implant via bacterial enzymes, ensuring a local concentration 200 times higher than the bactericidal threshold. Cytotoxicity, calculated per dry gel, was 1800 µg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration against <italic>Staphylococcus aureus 209P</italic> was 25 µg/mL, and the bactericidal concentration was 100 µg/mL.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold><bold> </bold>Biocomposites impregnated with a drug-containing gel were found to effectively inhibit local bacterial infection, reduce the overall level of local aseptic inflammation, and promote bone regeneration in osteomyelitis.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:<italic> </italic></bold>The therapeutic approach to treating purulent-septic inflammation complicated by bone tissue loss using implants with multifunctional pharmacological activity should be regarded as promising.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold><bold> </bold>Остеомиелит остаётся острой проблемой, связанной с высокой частотой рецидивов и риском серьёзных осложнений. Усугубляет ситуацию рост антибиотикорезистентности, снижающей эффективность традиционной антибактериальной терапии. В связи с этим особую актуальность приобретает поиск новых методов лечения остеомиелита, особенно в случаях, сопровождающихся обширной потерей костной ткани.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold><bold> </bold>Апробировать подход к методике лечения гнойно-септических воспалений, осложнённых потерей костной ткани, с использованием биокомпозитных костных имплантатов, пропитанных гелем, обладающим комплексной лекарственной функцией и обеспечивающим локальное антибактериальное, противовоспалительное и костно-регенеративное действие. Эффективность подхода оценивали на модели экспериментального остеомиелита крыс.</p> <p><bold>Материалы</bold><bold> </bold><bold>и</bold><bold> </bold><bold>методы.</bold><bold> </bold>Методы исследования включали разработку полисахаридных гелей с механико-реологическими свойствами, близкими к свойствам мягких тканей (G’=176–271 кПа, G”=3,7–4,2 кПа), содержащих амикацин и ванкомицин по 250 мг/г сухого полимера соответственно, теноксикам 0,28 мг/мл геля и плазмиду, кодирующую костный морфогенетический белок (КМБ), 12,83 нг/мл геля, обеспечивающих имплантатам локальное антибактериальное и направленное противовоспалительное действие в сочетании со стимулированием роста костной ткани. В гель вводили два вида нанокорпускулярных носителей разного диаметра: гиалуроновые гелевые наночастицы с бимодальным распределением по размерам d=100 и 3000 нм, обеспечивающие доставку теноксикама внутрь фагоцитирующих иммунокомпетентных клеток, и нанокапсулы, покрытые агентом трансфекции d=50–100 нм, обеспечивающие трансмембранный транспорт плазмиды в нефагоцитирующие клетки, рибосомами которых синтезируется морфогенетический белок КМБ-2, инициирующий дифференциацию клеток по костному пути. Антибиотики высвобождаются из носителя только в момент бактериальной атаки имплантата под действием бактериальных ферментов, обеспечивая локальную концентрацию, в 200 раз превышающую бактерицидную. Цитотоксичность в пересчёте на сухой гель составляет 1800 мкг/мл. Минимальная ингибирующая концентрация против <italic>Staphylococcus aureus 209P</italic> — 25 мкг/мл, бактерицидная концентрация — 100 мкг/мл.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Установлено, что биокомпозиты, пропитанные лекарственным гелем, эффективно ингибируют локальную бактериальную инфекцию, снижают общий уровень локального асептического воспаления и способствуют костной регенерации при остеомиелите.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Методический подход к лечению гнойно-септических воспалений, осложнённых потерей костной ткани, с использованием имплантатов с комплексной лекарственной функцией следует считать перспективным.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nanoparticles with plasmids encoding bone morphogenetic protein BMP-2</kwd><kwd>bone substitute composites</kwd><kwd>implants for osteomyelitis treatment</kwd><kwd>polymer derivatives of vancomycin</kwd><kwd>hyaluronic acid nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>nanoparticles with tenoxicam</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>наночастицы с плазмидами, кодирующими костный морфогенетический белок КМБ-2</kwd><kwd>костнозамещающие композиты</kwd><kwd>имплантаты для лечения остеомиелита</kwd><kwd>полимерные производные ванкомицина</kwd><kwd>наночастицы гиалуроновой кислоты</kwd><kwd>наночастицы с теноксикамом</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kavanagh N, Ryan EJ, Widaa A, et al. 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