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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-8678</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-6738</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678750</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/vto678750</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CDNPMB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Treatment of long-bone pseudarthrosis using a plasmid construct encoding VEGF and BMP-2: a pilot study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Лечение ложных суставов трубчатых костей с использованием плазмидной конструкции, содержащей гены VEGF и BMP-2: результаты пилотного исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9369-9800</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salikhov</surname><given-names>Ramil Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салихов</surname><given-names>Рамиль Заудатович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>ramils@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Teplov</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Теплов</surname><given-names>Олег Вадимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>legin_aka911@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chekunov</surname><given-names>Mikhail A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чекунов</surname><given-names>Михаил Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mischania2011@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8592-5325</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8306-5622</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhuravleva</surname><given-names>Margarita N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журавлёва</surname><given-names>Маргарита Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>k.i.t.t.1807@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9435-340X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhamedshina</surname><given-names>Yana O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухамедшина</surname><given-names>Яна Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>yana.k-z-n@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1083-0527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pankov</surname><given-names>Igor O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панков</surname><given-names>Игорь Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>igor.pankov.52@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7031-5996</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rizvanov</surname><given-names>Albert A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ризванов</surname><given-names>Альберт Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>rizvanov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканская клиническая больница Министерства здравоохранения Республики Татарстан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical Academy — Branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанская государственная медицинская академия — филиал Российской медицинской академии непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Treatment and Diagnostic Center "Pharm-T"</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Лечебно-диагностический центр «Фарм-Т»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Академия наук Республики Татарстан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-02-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>305</fpage><lpage>315</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-03"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-31"><day>31</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-05-31"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/678750">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/678750</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Pseudarthrosis of long bones following fractures represents a significant challenge in modern traumatology and orthopedics due to pronounced functional impairment of the affected limb and prolonged treatment duration. Novel approaches in regenerative medicine and orthobiologics provide promising opportunities to correct osteogenic insufficiency in the nonunion site, particularly after repeated surgical interventions.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>The work aimed to evaluate the prospects for clinical application of bone grafts containing genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) delivered via a plasmid construct for the treatment of patients with pseudarthrosis.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The plasmid construct pBudKan-coVEGF165A-coBMP2 was generated using standard molecular genetic techniques. Gene-activated demineralized bone allografts were produced by combining demineralized bone allografts with the plasmid construct. A single-center, prospective, uncontrolled cohort study included evaluation of experimental surgical treatment in 47 patients with long-bone pseudarthrosis who underwent bone grafting with the prepared grafts using either plate osteosynthesis or an external fixation device. Radiographic methods and the Non-Union Scoring System (NUSS) score were used to determine treatment strategy. Postoperative outcomes were evaluated by clinical examination, radiographic methods, and the Regenerating Bone defects using New biomedical Engineering (REBORNE) score.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Treatment outcomes were monitored for 12 months in 46 patients. Positive treatment results were achieved in 95.7% of cases: 41 patients (89.1%) demonstrated complete bone union (REBORNE score = 4) after 6 months, and 3 patients (6.5%) after 12 months.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The use of gene-activated demineralized bone allografts containing a plasmid construct simultaneously encoding VEGF and BMP-2 for bone grafting in patients with long-standing ununited fractures and prior unsuccessful treatment attempts resulted in a high rate of successful bone union (95.7%).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Ложные суставы костей конечностей, возникающие после переломов, являются актуальной проблемой<bold> </bold>современной травматологии и ортопедии ввиду выраженных нарушений функции повреждённой конечности, сопровождающихся длительным сроком лечения. Новые методы регенеративной медицины и ортобиологии позволяют надеяться на возможность коррекции остеогенной недостаточности, возникающей в зоне несросшегося перелома, особенно после повторных оперативных вмешательств.</p> <p><bold>Цель. </bold>Оценить перспективы клинического применения костных трансплантатов, содержащих гены сосудистого эндотелиального фактора роста (VEGF) и костного морфогенетического белка (BMP2), в виде плазмидной конструкции для лечения пациентов с ложными суставами.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Плазмидная конструкция pBudKan-coVEGF165A-coBMP2 была наработана стандартными методами молекулярной генетики. На основе деминерализованных костных аллотрансплантатов и плазмидной конструкции были получены ген-активированные деминерализованные костные аллотрансплантаты (ГАДКТ). Одноцентровое проспективное когортное неконтролируемое исследование включало оценку экспериментального оперативного лечения 47 пациентов с ложными суставами трубчатых костей конечностей, которым была выполнена костная пластика полученными трансплантатами с применением накостного остеосинтеза или аппарата внешней фиксации. Для определения тактики лечения использовали рентгенологические методы и шкалу NUSS. Для оценки результатов операции применяли клиническое обследование, рентгенологические методы и шкалу REBORNE.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Результаты лечения отслеживали на протяжении 12 месяцев у 46 пациентов. Положительные результаты лечения были достигнуты у 95,7% обследуемых: у 41 пациента (89,1%) полное сращение (4 балла по шкале REBORNE) зафиксировано на сроке 6 месяцев, у 3 пациентов (6,5%) — на сроке 12 месяцев.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Применение ГАДКТ, содержащих плазмидную конструкцию, кодирующую одновременно гены VEGF и BMP-2, для костной пластики у пациентов с ложными суставами после длительных сроков несращения и при предшествующих неудачных попытках лечения позволило получить сращения с высокой долей положительных результатов (95,7%).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>false joint</kwd><kwd>pseudarthrosis</kwd><kwd>ununited fracture</kwd><kwd>bone grafting</kwd><kwd>plasmid construct</kwd><kwd>bone morphogenetic protein</kwd><kwd>vascular endothelial growth factor</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ложный сустав</kwd><kwd>псевдоартроз</kwd><kwd>несрастание перелома</kwd><kwd>костная пластика</kwd><kwd>плазмидная конструкция</kwd><kwd>костный морфогенетический белок</kwd><kwd>сосудистый эндотелиальный фактор роста</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Программа «Приоритет-2030»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Priority 2030 Programme</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was funded through institutional support allocated for the activities of the Research Department of the Republican Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan. The development of plasmid constructs and functionalization of demineralized bone allografts were supported by the Strategic Academic Leadership Program of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (PRIORITY-2030)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено на средства, выделенные в рамках финансирования деятельности научного отдела государственного автономного учреждения здравоохранения «Республиканская клиническая больница Министерства здравоохранения Республики Татарстан». Создание плазмидных конструкций и функционализация деминерализованных костных аллотрансплантатов были выполнены при поддержке Программы стратегического академического лидерства Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета (ПРИОРИТЕТ-2030)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Vanderkarr M, Ruppenkamp J, Vanderkarr M, Holy CE, Blauth M. 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