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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-8678</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-6738</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">683059</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/vto683059</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">JAKGNW</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Results of a six-year monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in major pathogens of fracture-related infection of long bones and chronic osteomyelitis following transosseous osteosynthesis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Результаты шестилетнего мониторинга антибиотикорезистентности ведущих микроорганизмов при перелом-ассоциированной инфекции длинных костей и хроническом остеомиелите, как её последствии, в условиях чрескостного остеосинтеза</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1721-282X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2312-1002</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsiskarashvili</surname><given-names>Archil V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цискарашвили</surname><given-names>Арчил Важаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>armed05@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5283-7078</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8288-0256</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Melikova</surname><given-names>Regina E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меликова</surname><given-names>Регина Энверпашаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>regina-melikova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-2887</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1402-5186</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarenko</surname><given-names>Anton G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаренко</surname><given-names>Антон Герасимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН</p></bio><email>nazarenkoag@cito-priorov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-7263</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8357-5770</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Otdelenov</surname><given-names>Vitaly A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Отделёнов</surname><given-names>Виталий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Сand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>vitotd@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3684-0841</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1566-9013</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vabishchevich</surname><given-names>Natalia K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вабищевич</surname><given-names>Наталия Константиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Сand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>cito-vnk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-10-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>799</fpage><lpage>816</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-05"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-12-15"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/683059">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/683059</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold><bold> </bold>The growing resistance of pathogenic strains involved in fracture-related infection substantially limits the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy and represents a serious public health concern.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to determine and assess trends in antimicrobial resistance of the major pathogens isolated from patients with long bone fracture-related infection and chronic osteomyelitis, as its sequela, treated with transosseous osteosynthesis between 2019 and 2024.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> An observational, single-center, retrospective analysis of antimicrobial resistance patterns of the major pathogens isolated from 247 patients treated between 2019 and 2024 was performed. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using Pearson’s χ<sup>2</sup> test.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>More than 60% of methicillin-susceptible <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MSSA) and 70% of methicillin-susceptible <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> (MSSE) and Corynebacterium strains were resistant to fluoroquinolones. Methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> (MRSE) demonstrated stable susceptibility to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid. Enterococcus faecalis remained susceptible to ampicillin (94.4%), vancomycin, linezolid, and tigecycline (100%). Multidrug-resistant strains predominated among nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria and <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>, whereas extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers were most common among Enterobacteriaceae. In 2024, pandrug–resistant Gram-negative bacteria and methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MRSA) resistant to vancomycin were identified for the first time. Multidrug resistance was mainly observed in Gram-negative bacteria, particularly among nonfermenters such as <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>. Gram-positive pathogens, especially MSSE, remained highly susceptible to the tested antibiotics.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Combination therapy with vancomycin and meropenem remains effective due to the high susceptibility of Gram-positive bacteria to vancomycin and Enterobacteriaceae to carbapenems. However, the increasing resistance among Gram-negative pathogens will require revision of the current treatment regimen in the near future.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Рост резистентности патогенных штаммов перелом-ассоциированной инфекции (ПАИ) значительно ограничивает возможности эффективной антибиотикотерапии, что создаёт серьёзные проблемы в здравоохранении.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Определить и<bold> </bold>оценить динамику антибактериальной резистентности ведущих микроорганизмов при ПАИ длинных костей и хроническом остеомиелите, как её последствии, в условиях чрескостного остеосинтеза в период с 2019 по 2024 г.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Проведён обсервационный одноцентровой ретроспективный анализ результатов резистентности к антимикробным препаратам ведущих возбудителей, идентифицированных у 247 пациентов, пролеченных в период 2019–2024 гг. Полученные данные статистически обработаны с помощью критерия χ<sup>2</sup> Пирсона.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Более 60% MSSA и 70% MSSE и Corynebacterium были резистентны к фторхинолонам. MRSE показала стабильную чувствительность к ванкомицину, тейкопланину и линезолиду. E. faecalis сохраняли чувствительность к ампициллину (94,4%), ванкомицину, линезолиду и тигециклину (100%). Полирезистентные штаммы преобладали среди неферментирующих грамотрицательных бактерий и <italic>Klebsiella</italic><italic> </italic><italic>pneumoniae</italic>, а бета-лактамазы расширенного спектра — среди представителей семейства Enterobacteriaceae. В 2024 г. впервые были обнаружены панрезистентные грамотрицательные бактерии и ванкомицин-резистентные MRSA. Таким образом, множественную лекарственную устойчивость имели в основном грамотрицательные бактерии, среди которых наиболее резистентными оказались неферментирующие микробы — <italic>Acinetobacter</italic><italic> </italic><italic>baumannii</italic> и <italic>Pseudomonas</italic><italic> </italic><italic>aeruginosa</italic>. Грамположительная микрофлора, в особенности MSSE, остаётся высокочувствительной к тестируемым антибиотикам.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Сочетание ванкомицина с меропенемом остаётся эффективной терапией за счёт высокой чувствительности грамположительных бактерий к ванкомицину и Enterobacteriaceae — к карбапенемам. Однако нарастающая резистентность среди грамотрицательных возбудителей потребует в ближайшем будущем пересмотра действующей схемы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>major pathogens</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>multidrug resistance</kwd><kwd>fracture-related infection</kwd><kwd>FRI</kwd><kwd>post-traumatic chronic osteomyelitis</kwd><kwd>long bones</kwd><kwd>transosseous osteosynthesis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ведущие возбудители</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>множественная лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>перелом-ассоциированная инфекция</kwd><kwd>ПАИ</kwd><kwd>посттравматический хронический остеомиелит</kwd><kwd>длинные кости</kwd><kwd>чрескостный остеосинтез</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hellebrekers P, Leenen LP, Hoekstra M, Hietbrink F. Effect of a standardized treatment regime for infection after osteosynthesis. 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