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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-8678</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-6738</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">692675</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/vto692675</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IITQWR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Clinical case reports</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Клинические случаи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Diagnosing low-grade central osteosarcoma using a neural network mathematical model: a case report and review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Диагностика центральной остеосаркомы низкой степени злокачественности с использованием математической модели нейронной сети. Описание клинического случая и обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7920-0552</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3367-2493</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Berchenko</surname><given-names>Gennadiy N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Берченко</surname><given-names>Геннадий Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>berchenko@cito-bone.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9198-7917</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4447-8306</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozov</surname><given-names>Alexander K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозов</surname><given-names>Александр Константинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>ak_morozov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8280-8163</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1360-8298</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpenko</surname><given-names>Vadim Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпенко</surname><given-names>Вадим Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>Doctor-kv@cito-priorov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0778-5109</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shugaeva</surname><given-names>Olga B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шугаева</surname><given-names>Ольга Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Olga.Shugaeva2013@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4216-8800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5388-2606</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolondaev</surname><given-names>Alexander F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колондаев</surname><given-names>Александр Фёдорович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>klndff@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0829-9188</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5380-3194</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedosova</surname><given-names>Nina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федосова</surname><given-names>Нина Вениаминовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>hard_sign@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>859</fpage><lpage>870</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-13"><day>13</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-27"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-12-15"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/692675">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/692675</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Diagnosing low-grade central osteosarcoma is associated with a significant challenge because, according to radiological and histological findings, the condition closely resembles various benign lesions, most commonly being misdiagnosed as fibrous dysplasia. Convolutional neural network-based mathematical models have been successfully applied for the automated analysis of digital histopathological images, including tumor classification, regions of interest segmentation, and identification of morphological features of malignancy.</p> <p><bold>CASE DESCRIPTION:</bold> This paper presents a clinical case of a 33-year-old female patient in whom, following a pathologic fracture of the femoral diaphysis, the lesion was long misinterpreted as fibrous dysplasia. Upon re-evaluation of histological slides and repeat biopsy at the N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, the diagnosis of low-grade central osteosarcoma with areas of dedifferentiation and formation of high-grade osteosarcoma foci was established. For additional diagnostic confirmation, a convolutional neural network (ResNet-101)-based mathematical model previously developed by the authors for automated detection of pathologic mitoses on digital histopathological images was applied. The model analyzed scanned slides (Leica Aperio CS2, ×400), identifying several structures with a high probability of pathologic mitoses (maximum confidence scores: 99% and 92%), consistent with the conclusions of two experienced pathologists, thereby confirming the malignant nature of the lesion.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This paper presents a clinicopathological and radiologic description of the condition, discusses diagnostic challenges and similarities with fibrous dysplasia and other benign lesions, and evaluates the potential and limitations of artificial intelligence techniques in pathology for rare low-mitotic tumors. Emphasis is placed on the role of neural network analysis as an auxiliary tool for improving reproducibility and sensitivity of mitosis detection, the need for multicenter model validation, and the implementation of stain normalization and interpretability of results for clinical application.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Диагностика центральной остеосаркомы низкой степени злокачественности представляет серьёзную диагностическую проблему, так как, по данным методов лучевой диагностики и гистологии, она имеет значительное сходство с различными доброкачественными процессами, при этом наиболее часто ошибочно диагностируется фиброзная дисплазия. Математические модели на основе свёрточных нейронных сетей успешно применяются для автоматизированного анализа цифровых гистологических изображений, включая классификацию опухолей, сегментацию областей интереса и идентификацию морфологических признаков злокачественности.</p> <p><bold>Описание клинического случая. </bold>В статье описан клинический случай 33-летней пациентки, у которой после патологического перелома диафиза бедренной кости патологический процесс длительно и ошибочно был интерпретирован как фиброзная дисплазия. При пересмотре гистологических препаратов и повторной биопсии в специализированном центре НМИЦ ТО им. Н.Н. Приорова диагностирована центральная остеосаркома низкой степени злокачественности с участками дедифференцировки и формированием очагов остеосаркомы высокой степени злокачественности. Для вспомогательной верификации диагноза использована математическая модель на базе свёрточной нейронной сети (ResNet-101), ранее разработанная авторами для автоматической детекции патологических митозов на цифровых гистологических изображениях. Модель проанализировала отсканированные препараты (Leica Aperio CS2, ×400), идентифицировав несколько объектов с высокой вероятностью патологических митозов (максимальные оценки вероятности — 99 и 92%), что сопоставлялось с заключениями двух опытных патологоанатомов и подтвердило злокачественный характер процесса.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Представлено клинико-морфологическое и радиологическое описание заболевания, рассмотрены диагностические трудности и схожесть с фиброзной дисплазией и другими доброкачественными процессами, а также потенциал и ограничения применения методов искусственного интеллекта в патоморфологии при редких опухолях с низкой митотической активностью. Сделан акцент на роли нейросетевого анализа как вспомогательного инструмента для повышения воспроизводимости и чувствительности метода выявления митозов, необходимости многоцентровой валидации моделей и внедрения методов нормализации окраски и интерпретируемости результатов для клинического применения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>low-grade central osteosarcoma</kwd><kwd>pathologic mitosis</kwd><kwd>convolutional neural network</kwd><kwd>ResNet-101</kwd><kwd>digital pathology</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>mitosis detection</kwd><kwd>fibrous dysplasia</kwd><kwd>case report</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>центральная остеосаркома низкой степени злокачественности</kwd><kwd>патологический митоз</kwd><kwd>свёрточная нейронная сеть</kwd><kwd>ResNet-101</kwd><kwd>цифровая патология</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>детекция митозов</kwd><kwd>фиброзная дисплазия</kwd><kwd>клинический случай</kwd><kwd>обзор литературы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>124040100041-5</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Yoshida A, Bredella MA, Gambarotti M, Sumathi VP. 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