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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-8678</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-6738</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">696128</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/vto696128</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Pathomorphological Aspects of Sarcopenia in Degenerative Spine Diseases: From Muscle Biopsy to Surgical Outcome Prediction</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Патоморфологические аспекты саркопении при дегенеративных заболеваниях позвоночника: от биопсии мышцы к прогнозу хирургического лечения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3772-6643</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2641-6658</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulanov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy Vladimirovich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буланов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Pathological Anatomy and Clinical Pathological Anatomy, Institute of Human Biology and Pathology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Head of the Pathology Department, N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры патологической анатомии и клинической патологической анатомии Института биологии и патологии человека РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова; заведующий патологоанатомическим отделением ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова» Минздрава России</p></bio><email>BulanovDV@cito-priorov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7764-3231</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozov</surname><given-names>Ilya Sergeevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозов</surname><given-names>Илья Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dr.ismorozov@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-2887</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1402-5186</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarenko</surname><given-names>Anton Gerasimovich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаренко</surname><given-names>Антон Герасимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, DSc (Med.), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the N.N. PriorovNational Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор РАН, член-корреспондент РАН, директор ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова» Минздрава России</p></bio><email>NazarenkoAG@cito.priorov.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6689-5220</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9690-5117</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vetrile</surname><given-names>Marchel Stepanovich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ветрилэ</surname><given-names>Марчел Степанович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Deputy Director, N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, заместитель директора ФГБУ «НМИЦ ТО им. Н.Н. Приорова» Минздрава России</p></bio><email>vetrilams@cito-priorov.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9526-8274</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7052-0220</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuleshov</surname><given-names>Alexander Alekseevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулешов</surname><given-names>Александр Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, DSc (Med.), Head of the Department of Vertebrology (14th Trauma and Orthopedic Department), N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, заведующий отделением вертебрологии (14-е травматолого-ортопедическое отделение) ФГБУ «НМИЦ ТО им. Н.Н. Приорова» Минздрава России</p></bio><email>cito-spine@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0930-5272</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4064-6451</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhachev</surname><given-names>Dalgat</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махачев</surname><given-names>Далгат Рамазанович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Студент</p></bio><email>dalgat2002@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5011-6056</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Musapirov</surname><given-names>Ibragim Gasanovich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мусапиров</surname><given-names>Ибрагим Гасанович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Студент</p></bio><email>musapirovibragim@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0557-1988</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alirzaev</surname><given-names>Aslakhan Vetenovich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алирзаев</surname><given-names>Аслахан Ветенович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Студент</p></bio><email>aslakhanalirzaev777@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2290-0663</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alieva</surname><given-names>Rafiga</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алиева</surname><given-names>Рафига Эльчиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rafigaalieva7@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6795-1586</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Musaeva</surname><given-names>Madina Rashidovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мусаева</surname><given-names>Мадина Рашидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>madinamusaeva2018@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1585-0081</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bezina</surname><given-names>Milana</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Безина</surname><given-names>Милана Витальевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Студент</p></bio><email>milana_bezina@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4725-8307</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gabibullaev</surname><given-names>Ramazan Maksudovich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Габибуллаев</surname><given-names>Рамазан Максудович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ординатор</p></bio><email>Ramazan.gab79@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ “НМИЦ ТО им. Н.Н. Приорова” Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ “НМИЦ ТО им. Н.Н. Приорова” Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">FSAEI HE N.I. Pirogov RNRMU of Ministry of Health the of Russia</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России (Пироговский
Университет), Москва, Россия</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff6"><institution>ГНЦ РФ ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии им. академика И.И. Дедова» Минздрава России</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-22"><day>22</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-03"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-07-21"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/696128">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/696128</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Sarcopenia in degenerative spine diseases is a key modifiable factor influencing surgical outcomes, complication rates, and the trajectory of postoperative recovery. The paraspinal muscles—particularly the multifidus and erector spinae—play a central role in segmental stabilization and sagittal balance, making their degeneration clinically significant. This review summarizes the pathomorphological features of local sarcopenia, including predominant type II fiber atrophy, myosteatosis, endo- and perimysial fibrosis, denervation–reinnervation changes, reduced capillary density, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis, all of which contribute to persistent metabolic stress within the muscle tissue. These alterations are reflected in quantitative imaging biomarkers such as proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and multi-echo Dixon sequences, cross-sectional area (CSA/lean-CSA), psoas muscle and multifidus indices (PMI/MFI), as well as CT-based measures of lumbar and paraspinal muscle density. The review discusses the integration of biopsy-derived morphological data with quantitative MRI/CT for noninvasive risk stratification and longitudinal monitoring of “muscle quality” both at the planned levels of fixation and at the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV). Particular attention is given to the association between paraspinal sarcopenia and key surgical complications, including proximal junctional kyphosis/failure (PJK/PJF), cage subsidence, construct instability, delayed rehabilitation, and an increased likelihood of revision surgery. The concept of the “muscle–bone axis,” which links paraspinal muscle status to bone mineral density and microarchitecture, is also examined due to its relevance for selecting fixation levels and implant types. Additional focus is placed on the standardization of quantitative MRI protocols, the use of validated visual grading scales when PDFF/Dixon is not available, and the role of preoperative optimization (nutritional support, correction of deficiencies, resistance training) in mitigating surgical risk. Overall, local sarcopenia is presented as a critical morpho-imaging biomarker that should be systematically incorporated into preoperative planning and postoperative rehabilitation pathways for patients with degenerative spine disorders.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Саркопения при дегенеративных заболеваниях позвоночника является одним из ключевых модифицируемых факторов, определяющих исходы хирургического лечения, частоту осложнений и траекторию реабилитации. Наибольшее значение имеет поражение параспинальных мышц (m. multifidus, m. erector spinae), участвующих в стабилизации позвоночно-двигательного сегмента и поддержании сагиттального баланса. В обзоре рассматриваются патоморфологические аспекты локальной саркопении: атрофия преимущественно волокон II типа, миостеатоз, эндо- и перимизиальный фиброз, признаки денервации/реиннервации, снижение капиллярной плотности, митохондриальная дисфункция и нарушения протеостаза, формирующие устойчивый метаболический стресс мышечной ткани. Показано, как эти изменения отражаются в количественных визуализационных метриках: PDFF и многэховыйDixon, показатели поперечного сечения (CSA/lean-CSA), индексы PMI/MFI, а также КТ-плотность поясничной и паравертебральныхмышц. Обсуждаются возможности интеграции данных биопсии и количественной МРТ/КТ для неинвазивной стратификации риска и серийного мониторинга «качества мышцы» в зоне предполагаемой фиксации и на уровне UIV. Особое внимание уделено связи локальной саркопении с осложнениями хирургического лечения — PJK/PJF, просадкой кейджа, нестабильностью металлоконструкции, замедленной реабилитацией и увеличением потребности в ревизионных вмешательствах. Отдельно рассматривается концепция оси «мышца–кость», объединяющая показатели состояния паравертебральных мышц и минеральной плотности/микроструктуры кости, что имеет прямое значение для планирования объёма фиксации и выбора имплантатов. Обсуждаются стандартизация протоколов количественной МРТ, использование валидированных визуальных шкал при ограниченной доступности PDFF/Dixon, а также роль предоперационной оптимизации (нутритивная поддержка, коррекция дефицитов, силовые тренировки) как инструмента снижения риска осложнений. Формируется представление о локальной саркопениикак о патоморфологическом и визуализационном маркёре, который должен быть интегрирован в предоперационные алгоритмы принятия решений и маршруты реабилитации пациентов с дегенеративными заболеваниями позвоночника.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sarcopenia, paraspinal muscles, degenerative spine disease, quantitative MRI, myosteatosis, surgical prognosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>саркопения, параспинальные мышцы, дегенеративные заболевания позвоночника, количественная МРТ, миостеатоз, хирургический прогноз</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment. 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