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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-8678</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-6738</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">702650</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/vto702650</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">DYKBPF</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative mechanical strength of quadriceps tendon grafts</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительная характеристика механической прочности трансплантатов из сухожилия четырёхглавой мышцы бедра</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6680-9334</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5488-5307</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Egiazaryan</surname><given-names>Karen A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егиазарян</surname><given-names>Карен Альбертович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci (Medicine), Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор РАН</p></bio><email>egkar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4062-9625</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Silin</surname><given-names>Vladimir I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Силин</surname><given-names>Владимир Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Silafon@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-5044</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shorin</surname><given-names>Ivan S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шорин</surname><given-names>Иван Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>Vrachmed@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5576-0545</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akchurin</surname><given-names>Rafael S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акчурин</surname><given-names>Рафаэль Шайхуллович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rafaelakchurin@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3499-3875</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tamazyan</surname><given-names>Vartan O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тамазян</surname><given-names>Вартан Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>vartantamazyan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7198-433X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3335-6472</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavryushenko</surname><given-names>Nikolay S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврюшенко</surname><given-names>Николай Свиридович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р тех. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>testlabcito@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3600-5690</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Martynov</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мартынов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ale7938146@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>325</fpage><lpage>341</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-13"><day>13</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-10"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-05-31"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/702650">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0869-8678/article/view/702650</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Selection of the optimal autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction remains one of the key challenges in contemporary orthopedics. Despite accumulated experience with traditional graft sources, comparative evaluation of the mechanical properties of different harvesting techniques for both the quadriceps tendon and the peroneus longus tendon remains insufficiently studied. This limits objective selection of an optimal graft combining high mechanical strength with minimal donor-site morbidity.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to compare mechanical strength and elastic–deformation characteristics of grafts derived from the peroneus longus tendon, full-thickness quadriceps tendon, and superficial layer of the quadriceps tendon under controlled experimental biomechanical testing (uniaxial quasi-static tensile loading to failure).</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>An experimental, controlled, laboratory biomechanical study was conducted on tendon specimens obtained from cadaveric material of 24 donors (mean age 50 ± 5 years). Specimens were allocated into three groups, 8 specimens each: peroneus longus tendon grafts, superficial-layer quadriceps tendon grafts, and full-thickness quadriceps tendon grafts. Mechanical testing was performed using a universal testing machine under uniaxial quasi-static tensile loading to failure at a deformation rate of 0.17 mm/s. The following parameters were assessed: ultimate load to failure, elastic modulus, stiffness, elongation at failure, and failure mode.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Grafts derived from the superficial layer of the quadriceps tendon demonstrated the highest ultimate load to failure (1043.2 ± 4.2 N), stiffness (155.9 ± 13.0 N/mm), and elastic modulus (94.5 ± 8.6 MPa), significantly exceeding both other groups (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). Full-thickness quadriceps tendon grafts showed intermediate strength values (ultimate load 728 ± 39 N; elastic modulus 52.8 ± 9.4 MPa; stiffness 83.5 ± 15.4 N/mm), comparable to peroneus longus tendon grafts (ultimate load 908 ± 74 N; elastic modulus 78.2 ± 9.2 MPa; stiffness 101.1 ± 11.7 N/mm). Peroneus longus tendon grafts demonstrated the greatest elongation at failure (35.9% ± 8.8%), significantly exceeding that of superficial-layer quadriceps tendon grafts (23.5% ± 2.7%; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001) and full-thickness quadriceps tendon grafts (26.6% ± 4.4%; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01). No adverse reactions related to the studied intervention were observed.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Grafts harvested from the superficial layer of the quadriceps tendon exhibit superior mechanical strength and may be considered a promising autograft option, combining sufficient biomechanical properties with potentially lower donor-site morbidity compared with full-thickness tendon harvesting.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Выбор оптимального аутотрансплантата при реконструкции передней крестообразной связки остаётся одной из ключевых проблем современной ортопедии. Несмотря на накопленный опыт применения традиционных источников трансплантатов, сравнительная оценка механических свойств различных вариантов забора сухожилия четырёхглавой мышцы бедра и сухожилия длинной малоберцовой мышцы остаётся недостаточно изученной, что ограничивает объективный выбор оптимального трансплантата, сочетающего высокую прочность и минимальную донорскую морбидность.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Провести сравнительную оценку механической прочности и упруго-деформационных характеристик трансплантатов из сухожилия длинной малоберцовой мышцы, полнослойного сухожилия четырёхглавой мышцы бедра и поверхностного слоя сухожилия четырёхглавой мышцы бедра в условиях экспериментального контролируемого биомеханического тестирования (одноосного квазистатического растяжения до момента разрыва).</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Выполнено экспериментальное контролируемое лабораторное биомеханическое исследование сухожильных образцов, полученных из кадаверного материала 24 доноров (средний возраст 50 ± 5 лет). Образцы были распределены на три группы по 8 в каждой: трансплантаты из сухожилия длинной малоберцовой мышцы, трансплантаты из поверхностного слоя сухожилия четырёхглавой мышцы бедра и трансплантаты из полнослойного сухожилия четырёхглавой мышцы бедра. Механические испытания проводились на универсальной испытательной машине в режиме одноосного квазистатического растяжения до разрушения со скоростью деформации 0,17 мм/с. Оценивались максимальная нагрузка до разрыва, модуль упругости, жёсткость, относительное удлинение при разрыве и характер разрушения образцов.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Трансплантаты из поверхностного слоя сухожилия четырёхглавой мышцы бедра продемонстрировали наибольшие показатели максимальной нагрузки до разрыва (1043,2 ± 4,2 Н), жёсткости (155,9 ± 13,0 Н/мм) и модуля упругости (94,5 ± 8,6 МПа), статистически значимо превосходя обе другие группы (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001). Трансплантаты из полнослойного сухожилия четырёхглавой мышцы бедра имели промежуточные значения прочности (максимальная нагрузка 728 ± 39 Н, модуль упругости 52,8 ± 9,4 МПа, жёсткость 83,5 ± 15,4 Н/мм), сопоставимые с трансплантатами из сухожилия длинной малоберцовой мышцы (максимальная нагрузка 908 ± 74 Н, модуль упругости 78,2 ± 9,2 МПа, жёсткость 101,1 ± 11,7 Н/мм). Трансплантаты из сухожилия длинной малоберцовой мышцы характеризовались наибольшим относительным удлинением при разрыве (35,9 ± 8,8%), статистически значимо превосходя поверхностный слой сухожилия четырёхглавой мышцы (23,5 ± 2,7%; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001) и полнослойное сухожилие четырёхглавой мышцы бедра (26,6 ± 4,4%; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,01). Нежелательные реакции на фоне изучаемого вмешательства отсутствовали.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Трансплантаты из поверхностного слоя сухожилия четырёхглавой мышцы бедра обладают наилучшей механической прочностью и могут рассматриваться как перспективный вариант аутотрансплантата, сочетающий достаточную прочность и потенциально меньшую донорскую морбидность по сравнению с полнослойным забором сухожилия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>autograft</kwd><kwd>anterior cruciate ligament</kwd><kwd>tendon biomechanics</kwd><kwd>quadriceps tendon</kwd><kwd>peroneus longus tendon</kwd><kwd>mechanical strength</kwd><kwd>ligament reconstruction</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аутотрансплантат</kwd><kwd>передняя крестообразная связка</kwd><kwd>биомеханика сухожилий</kwd><kwd>сухожилие четырёхглавой мышцы бедра</kwd><kwd>сухожилие длинной малоберцовой мышцы</kwd><kwd>механическая прочность</kwd><kwd>реконструкция связок</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hasan M, Berkovich Y, Khatib M. 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