Vol 23, No 4 (2018)

Introduction Currently, cryptococcosis is among the three most life-threatening opportunistic infections in AIDS patients. Materials and methods. The analysis of cases of cryptococcosis in HIV-infected patients in the world, the Russian Federation and the Chelyabinsk region using the methods of descriptive and analytical epidemiology. Two clinical cases of verified cryptococcosis were analyzed in detail in patients in the phase of HIV infection progression in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Results. The manifestation of the disease was observed in the phase of progression of HIV infection in the absence of antiretroviral therapy with low immune status of patients (CD4 + lymphocyte level less than 100 cells in 1 μl of blood). The diagnosis is verified on the basis of a complex of clinical, instrumental, biochemical, immunological and mycological methods. Successful courses of treatment with antifungal drugs: amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole. Conclusions. The definition of cryptococcal antigen is not a method for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment due to its long-term persistence in CSF and serum, even with successful treatment. Prescribing antiretroviral therapy significantly increases the effectiveness of cryptococcosis treatment. In AIDS patients, antifungal therapy is stopped only after effective for 3-6 months ART (the number of CD4 + lymphocytes in the blood is more than 100-200 cells/μl).

The most of ixodes ticks in Tula region belongs to the group of pasture mites. It is generally accepted to estimate the tick’s contamination by the tick-borne encephalitis virus and raoueti inducing Lyme Borellia. The aim of the present work was to educe the aetiologic agents of the set of potentially-enable infections out of ticks Dermacentor reticulatus, Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes сrenulatus collected at the different terrains of Tula Region by PCR method. The results: a considerable number of pathogenic rickettsiae R. raoultii was educes from the ticks D. reticulatus, which including them as the component of mixed infection together with the human monocytic ehrlichiosis agent. R. raoultii was determined in more than a half of the cases in ticks I. ricinus including the mixed infection together with ticks’ borreliosis virus and Kemerovo fever agent. Conclusion. The reasons, induced the quantity changes of the ticks’ distribution at Tula Region terrains, apparently promote the rise in frequency of the ticks contamination with the agents of herd tick-transmissive infection. It demand an infectiologist’s attention rise and dictate the necessity of the above mentioned diseases monitoring as well as Fr. tularensis, the tick-borne encephalitis virus and Lyme disease.

The authors give a description of the established case of Ixodes tick borreliosis (ITB) in the boy of 5 years associated with disorders of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems due to the delayed diagnosis. The peculiarity of this case was the presence of the initial neurological deficit

At present, the category “risk” becomes one of the main paradigms of epidemiology. A large number of applied studies on the specific characteristics of risk factors for individual nosological forms of the infectious and noninfectious morbidity have been published. At the same time, there is a minimum of publications of a general pattern concerning the theoretical basis for the application of this epidemiological category. The lack of integral classification system is one of “gaps” in epidemiology. In connection with this, the purpose of the submitted report is the theoretical systematization of types of epidemiological risk and presentation of their estimated characteristics. Authors systematized main types of epidemiological risk which are widely used in population and clinical studies. In this report estimated characteristics for each of separate types of epidemiological risk for use are provided in population studies.