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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Psychopharmacology and Addiction Biology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Psychopharmacology and Addiction Biology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Психофармакология и биологическая наркология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1606-8181</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2070-5670</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">625460</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/phbn625460</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ethyl alcohol: Influence on the dynamics of blood supply of skin and other soft tissues during their sudden cooling</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Спирт этиловый: влияние на динамику кровоснабжения кожи и других мягких тканей при их внезапном охлаждении</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9829-9463</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1613-9660</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Urakov</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ураков</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine, Pharmacology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>urakoval@live.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Izhevsk State Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ижевская государственная медицинская академия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-04-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-06-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>95</fpage><lpage>106</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-01-04"><day>04</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-04-12"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1606-8181/article/view/625460">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1606-8181/article/view/625460</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the norm (i.e., the absence of ethyl alcohol in blood in sober people), sudden local cooling of the skin and soft tissues of different parts of the body from +37°С to +18°С and below (but not below 0°С) causes two-phase changes in blood vessels tone, blood filling, and intensity of blood supply and pain in the cooled tissues. In the first seconds of cooling, the tone of the muscular blood vessels begins to increase and their blood filling decreases, the skin color lightens, and in the cooled area of the body, acute soreness develops. After a few tens of seconds of cooling, spasm in the blood vessels reaches maximum level and their filling with blood decreases to a minimum, the skin turns white, and the soreness becomes severe. These changes persist at their peak for a few minutes, after which they begin to disappear, despite the persisting hypothermia. However, after 10–15 minutes of cooling, hyperemia develops in the hypothermia zone; as a result, the soreness disappears and the skin reddens. Notably, in the norm, sudden cooling of tissues causes irritation of the temperature receptors found in them. The resulting excitation of temperature receptors causes reflex spasm of blood vessels, which has an adaptive value, as it developed for temperature homeostasis of warm-blooded organisms. Acute pain accompanying cold spasm of blood vessels has been found to be due to mechanical squeezing of pain receptors located under the muscular layer in the wall of blood vessels. Conversely, the presence of ethyl alcohol in the blood or, in severe cases, alcohol intoxication changes the dynamics of blood supply in tissues at their sudden cooling: during cooling, blood vessels expand and overflow with blood without the initial phase of spasm and occurrence of pain. Moreover, hyperemia persists throughout and after the cooling period. That is, alcohol intoxication is manifested by the immediate development of hyperemia and skin redness in the cooled area of the body without the initial spasm of blood vessels and appearance of soreness and pallor of the skin in the area of cooling.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В норме (то есть у трезвых людей при отсутствии спирта этилового в крови) внезапное локальное охлаждение кожи и мягких тканей различных частей тела с +37 до +18 °С и ниже (но не ниже 0 °С) вызывает в охлажденных тканях двухфазное изменение тонуса кровеносных сосудов, наполненности их кровью, интенсивности кровоснабжения и чувства болезненности. При этом с первых секунд охлаждения тонус кровеносных сосудов мышечного типа начинает увеличиваться, наполненность их кровью — уменьшаться, цвет кожи светлеет и вскоре в охлажденном участке тела возникает чувство острой болезненности. Через несколько десятков секунд охлаждения спазм кровеносных сосудов достигает максимальных значений, наполненность их кровью снижается до минимума, кожа белеет, болезненность становится максимальной. Эти изменения сохраняются на пике своих значений несколько минут, после чего начинают исчезать, несмотря на продолжающуюся гипотермию. Однако через 7–10 мин охлаждения в зоне гипотермии неизбежно развивается гиперемия, вследствие чего исчезает болезненность, а кожа краснеет. В норме при внезапном охлаждении тканей происходит раздражение температурных рецепторов, расположенных в них. Возбуждение температурных рецепторов вызывает рефлекторный спазм кровеносных сосудов, который имеет адаптационное значение, поскольку выработан эволюционно для температурного гомеостаза теплокровного организма. Острая болезненность, сопровождающая холодовой спазм кровеносных сосудов, возникает из-за механического сдавливания болевых рецепторов, расположенных под мышечным слоем в стенке кровеносных сосудов. Наличие спирта этилового в крови (алкогольное опьянение) кардинально изменяет динамику кровоснабжения тканей при внезапном охлаждении: кровеносные сосуды расширяются и переполняются кровью без первоначальной фазы спазма и появления чувства болезненности. При этом гиперемия сохраняется не только на протяжении всего периода охлаждения, но и после него. Иными словами, алкогольное опьянение проявляется немедленным развитием гиперемии и покраснением кожи в охлажденном участке тела без первоначального спазма кровеносных сосудов, возникновением чувства болезненности и бледности кожи в участке охлаждения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>alcohol</kwd><kwd>intoxication</kwd><kwd>cold, frostbite</kwd><kwd>blood vessels</kwd><kwd>temperature homeostasis</kwd><kwd>adaptation</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>алкоголь</kwd><kwd>опьянение</kwd><kwd>холод</kwd><kwd>обморожение</kwd><kwd>кровеносные сосуды</kwd><kwd>температурный гомеостаз</kwd><kwd>адаптация</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL. A prescription for fever. Science and Life. 1989;(9):38–42. EDN: YUDVMG (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ураков А.Л. 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