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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Psychopharmacology and Addiction Biology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Psychopharmacology and Addiction Biology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Психофармакология и биологическая наркология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1606-8181</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2070-5670</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">694035</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/phbn694035</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HCYANC</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Increased mRNA expression of α-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase in the midbrain in an experimental model of adolescent alcohol consumption</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Увеличение экспрессии мРНК α-синуклеина и тирозингидроксилазы в среднем мозге в экспериментальной модели потребления алкоголя в подростковом периоде</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5512-4356</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5357-4984</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kokhan</surname><given-names>Viktor S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кохан</surname><given-names>Виктор Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>kohan.v@serbsky.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7974-5077</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3105-4984</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anokhin</surname><given-names>Petr K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анохин</surname><given-names>Петр Константинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>petranokhin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9037-3932</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9729-1573</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shamakina</surname><given-names>Inna Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шамакина</surname><given-names>Инна Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>shamakina@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и наркологии им. В.П. Сербского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Artificial Intelligence Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт искусственного интеллекта</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>233</fpage><lpage>242</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-22"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-17"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1606-8181/article/view/694035">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1606-8181/article/view/694035</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Consumption of large amounts of alcohol within a short period of time (binge drinking) among adolescents is considered a risk factor for the development of various disorders, including cognitive impairment, the underlying mechanisms of which remain insufficiently understood.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> The work aimed to investigate the delayed effect of alcohol exposure during adolescence on brain mRNA expression of neuronal synuclein proteins, dysfunction of which may represent a key factor in dopaminergic impairment and the pathogenesis of cognitive disorders in adulthood.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> mRNA expression was assessed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in samples of the midbrain, striatum, amygdala, and hypothalamus obtained from adult (postnatal day 58) male Wistar rats that had received injections of 20% ethanol solution (intraperitoneally at dose of 3 g/kg, once daily) from postnatal day 30 to 40.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Increased α-synuclein mRNA levels were observed in the striatum and midbrain of animals exposed to alcohol during adolescence. mRNA expression of genes functionally associated with α-synuclein was analyzed, including vesicular proteins of the SNARE (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein Receptor) complex—SNAP-25 (Synaptosomal-Associated Protein of 25 kDa) and VAMP2 (Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2)—as well as dopamine-related genes. Rats exposed to alcohol during adolescence demonstrated elevated tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels compared with controls (<italic>p</italic> = 0.019). In contrast, mRNA levels of γ-synuclein, SNAP-25, VAMP2, dopamine receptor subtype 2, and the dopamine transporter remained unchanged.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Alcohol intoxication during adolescence results in increased mRNA expression of α-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase in the midbrain of adult animals. These changes likely underlie long-term alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission and may contribute to brain and behavioral dysfunction.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Потребление большого количества алкоголя в течение короткого периода времени («запойное» употребление, binge drinking) среди подростков считается одним из факторов риска развития различных расстройств, включая когнитивные нарушения, механизмы которых до сих пор недостаточно изучены.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — изучить отставленный эффект употребления алкоголя в подростковом периоде на экспрессию в мозге мРНК нейрональных белков синуклеинов, нарушение функций которых может быть одним из ключевых факторов дофаминовой дисфункции и патогенеза когнитивных расстройств во взрослом возрасте.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Экспрессию мРНК определяли методом количественной полимеразной цепной реакции после обратной транскрипции в режиме реального времени в образцах среднего мозга, стриатума, миндалевидного тела и гипоталамуса взрослых (постнатальный день 58) самцов крыс линии Wistar, получавших инъекции раствора 20% этанола (внутрибрюшинно в дозе 3 г/кг, один раз в сутки) в период с 30-го по 40-й день после рождения.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Показано повышение уровня мРНК α-синуклеина в стриатуме и среднем мозге алкоголизированных в подростковом периоде животных. Проведён анализ экспрессии мРНК, функционально связанных с α-синуклеином, везикулярных белков SNARE-комплекса (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein Receptor) — SNAP-25 (Synaptosomal-Associated Protein of 25 kDa) и VAMP2 (Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2), а также дофамин-ассоциированных генов. Он показал, что у алкоголизированных в подростковом периоде крыс наблюдается повышенный уровень мРНК тирозингидроксилазы по сравнению с контролем (<italic>p</italic>=0,019). При этом уровни мРНК γ-синуклеина, SNAP-25, VAMP2, рецептора дофамина второго подтипа и дофамин-транспортного белка оставались неизменными.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Алкогольная интоксикация в подростковом периоде приводит к увеличению экспрессии мРНК α-синуклеина и тирозингидроксилазы в среднем мозге взрослых животных, что, вероятно, лежит в основе долговременных изменений дофаминовой передачи и способствует нарушениям функций мозга и поведения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>alcohol</kwd><kwd>brain</kwd><kwd>adolescence</kwd><kwd>synucleins</kwd><kwd>dopamine</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd><kwd>mRNA</kwd><kwd>PCR</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>алкоголь</kwd><kwd>мозг</kwd><kwd>подростковый период</kwd><kwd>синуклеины</kwd><kwd>дофамин</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd><kwd>мРНК</kwd><kwd>ПЦР</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was part of the state assignment by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for the V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology for 2025–2027 (Project No. 125021907450-8).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации для ФГБУ «НМИЦ ПН им. В.П. Сербского» на 2025–2027 гг. (тема № 125021907450-8).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Crews FT. Alcohol-related neurodegeneration and recovery: mechanisms from animal models. Alcohol Res Health. 2008;31(4):377–388.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Soussi C, Segobin S, Cabé N, et al. Cognitive and cerebral phenotypes of neurocognitive disorders due to alcohol or Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun. 2025;7(4):fcaf289. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaf289 EDN: MQBVUR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Lees B, Mewton L, Stapinski LA, et al. 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