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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Psychopharmacology and Addiction Biology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Psychopharmacology and Addiction Biology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Психофармакология и биологическая наркология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1606-8181</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2070-5670</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">695539</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/phbn695539</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">AFYKTA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of gut microbiota on interindividual variability in response to antidepressant therapy: a question of pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние микробиоты кишечника на межиндивидуальную вариабельность ответа на антидепрессивную терапию — вопрос фармакокинетики или фармакодинамики?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7905-4583</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6916-8907</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Mikhail Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Михаил Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>popovmikhail@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9516-4427</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5859-3236</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lepik</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лепик</surname><given-names>Ольга Витальевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ovlepik@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>215</fpage><lpage>232</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-30"><day>30</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-13"><day>13</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1606-8181/article/view/695539">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1606-8181/article/view/695539</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Depression represents a global medical and social challenge, necessitating improvements in treatment effectiveness. One of the key therapeutic challenges is the pronounced interindividual variability in response to antidepressants. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the role of the gut microbiota in shaping interindividual differences in antidepressant treatment effectiveness. A comparative analysis of pharmacokinetic mechanisms (effects on drug absorption, metabolism, bioaccumulation, and blood–brain barrier permeability) and pharmacodynamic mechanisms (modulation of neurotransmitter systems, neuroplasticity, and neuroinflammation) is presented. Bidirectional interactions between antidepressants and the gut microbial community are also discussed. The available data indicate that although the microbiota functions as an active pharmacokinetic filter, its influence on pharmacodynamics appears to play a decisive role in determining variability in therapeutic response. Even when adequate drug delivery is achieved, intestinal dysbiosis may create an unfavorable pathophysiological milieu that impairs the functional state of central nervous system targets, primarily through suppression of neuroplasticity and induction of inflammation. This conclusion shifts the focus of future research from identifying pharmacokinetic predictors of response to investigating the microbiota-induced pharmacodynamic context. The development of personalized microbiome-modulating adjunctive interventions based on assessment of the functional state of the gut–brain axis appears to be a promising strategy for improving the effectiveness of antidepressant therapy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Депрессия представляет собой глобальную медико-социальную проблему, что обусловливает необходимость повышения эффективности её лечения. Один из ключевых терапевтических вызовов связан с выраженной межиндивидуальной вариабельностью ответа на антидепрессанты. В настоящем нарративном обзоре обобщены современные научные данные о роли кишечной микробиоты в формировании межиндивидуальных различий в эффективности антидепрессивной терапии. Проведён сравнительный анализ данных о фармакокинетических (влияние на всасывание, метаболизм, биоаккумуляцию, проницаемость через гематоэнцефалический барьер) и фармакодинамических механизмах (модуляция нейротрансмиттерных систем, нейропластичности и нейровоспаления). Рассмотрены двунаправленные взаимодействия между антидепрессантами и микробным сообществом. Результаты анализа свидетельствуют о том, что хотя микробиота функционирует как активный фармакокинетический «фильтр», решающий вклад в вариабельность терапевтического ответа вносит её влияние на фармакодинамику. Даже при адекватной доставке препарата кишечный дисбиоз может формировать неблагоприятный патофизиологический фон, ухудшающий функциональное состояние мишеней в центральной нервной системе, прежде всего за счёт подавления нейропластичности и индукции воспаления. Этот вывод смещает акцент дальнейших исследований с поиска фармакокинетических предикторов ответа к изучению микробиота-индуцированного фармакодинамического контекста. Разработка персонализированных микробиом-модулирующих адъювантных вмешательств, основанных на оценке функционального состояния оси «кишечник–мозг», представляется перспективным направлением для повышения эффективности антидепрессивной терапии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>depression</kwd><kwd>antidepressants</kwd><kwd>gut microbiota</kwd><kwd>pharmacokinetics</kwd><kwd>pharmacodynamics</kwd><kwd>pharmacomicrobiomics</kwd><kwd>gut–brain axis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>депрессия</kwd><kwd>антидепрессанты</kwd><kwd>микробиота кишечника</kwd><kwd>фармакокинетика</kwd><kwd>фармакодинамика</kwd><kwd>фармакомикробиомика</kwd><kwd>ось кишечник–мозг</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gutiérrez-Rojas L, Porras-Segovia A, Dunne H, et al. Prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder: a systematic review. 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