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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской военно-медицинской академии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1682-7392</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1424</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">636142</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/brmma636142</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HFVXVT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Methylation Profile of Cell-Free DNA as a Diagnostic Marker for Myocarditis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Профиль метилирования внеклеточной дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты — диагностический маркер миокардита</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9825-1945</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8208-0839</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zykova</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зыкова</surname><given-names>Анна Валерьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Pedagogy), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. пед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>era_otd6@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4366-0028</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8109-3446</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malyshkin</surname><given-names>Svyatoslav S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малышкин</surname><given-names>Святослав Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>era_otd6@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-6426</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2469-8400</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mullin</surname><given-names>Evgeny V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муллин</surname><given-names>Евгений Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>era_otd6@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1324-0239</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krivoruchko</surname><given-names>Alexander B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Криворучко</surname><given-names>Александр Борисович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>era_otd6@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">ERA Military Innovative Technopolis</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военный инновационный технополис «ЭРА»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">ERA Military Innovation Technopolis</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военный инновационный технополис «ЭРА»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>277</fpage><lpage>284</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-09-18"><day>18</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-06-23"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1682-7392/article/view/636142">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1682-7392/article/view/636142</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Studies on epigenetic modifications that could enable the tissue-specific partitioning of a general pool of circulating cell-free DNA for diagnosing myocarditis were analyzed. Despite the long history of research on cardiovascular disease, the actual incidence of myocarditis within the population remains unclear, as the condition is difficult to detect using conventional diagnostic methods. The advantages of screening a pool of cell-free DNA in the peripheral blood for detecting various pathologies (such as cancer, fetal aneuploidies, and transplant rejection) have been acknowledged worldwide. However, this approach is limited when analyzing the cell-free DNA derived from the reference genome. DNA methylation is one of the most crucial and well-studied mechanisms of epigenetic regulation. The aberrant methylation status of candidate genes is implicated in the development of cardiovascular diseases and may serve as a marker for assessing their progression. The methylation patterns are unique to each cell type, remain consistent among the same cell type within an individual, and are characterized by high stability. The studies reviewed identified loci associated with cardiomyocyte-specific patterns of DNA methylation. Moreover, in various diseases of the circulatory system, the same cytosine–guanine dinucleotide sites were found to be differentially methylated. This finding not only confirms the close association between DNA methylation profiles and cardiovascular diseases but also supports the hypothesis that the methylation status of specific cytosine–guanine dinucleotide sites has high diagnostic specificity for various pathologies. Thus, an analysis of cell-free DNA methylation profiles confirms its tissue-specific origin and enables the development of highly specific diagnostic approaches for myocardial disorders. Furthermore, comparing the methylation levels of identical cytosine–guanine dinucleotide sites offers promising opportunities for the development of highly specific diagnostic systems for myocarditis and other cardiovascular diseases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проанализированы исследования эпигенетических модификаций, которые могут позволить тканеспецифично разделить общий пул циркулирующей внеклеточной дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты для использования в диагностике миокардита. Несмотря на длительную историю исследования сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, реальная статистика заболеваемости населения миокардитом на сегодняшний день продолжает оставаться невыясненной, поскольку эта болезнь трудно поддается классическим методам диагностики. Преимущества скрининга пула внеклеточной дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты в периферической крови для выявления различных патологий, таких как раковые заболевания, анеуплоидии плода и отторжение трансплантата, высоко оценены по всему миру. Однако этот подход ограниченно применяют в случае анализа внеклеточной дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты референтного генома. Известно, что метилирование дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты — наиболее важный и изученный механизм эпигенетической регуляции генома. Аномальный статус профилей метилирования генов-кандидатов участвует в развитии сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и может быть использован в качестве маркера для оценки их прогрессирования. Паттерны метилирования уникальны для каждого типа клеток, сохраняются среди клеток того же типа у одного и того же человека и отличаются стабильностью. В рассмотренных исследованиях были выявлены локусы, относящиеся к специфичному метилированию дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты кардиомиоцитов. Более того, в исследованиях различных заболеваний системы кровообращения одни и те же сайты цитозин-гуаниновой последовательности были различно метилированы, что не только подтверждает существование тесной связи между профилями метилирования дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты и сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, но также подтверждает гипотезу о том, что метилирование определенных сайтов цитозин-гуаниновой последовательности обладает высокой диагностической специфичностью для различных заболеваний. Таким образом, исследование профилей метилирования внеклеточной дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты подтверждает ее тканеспецифичное происхождение и позволяет приступить к созданию высокоспецифичных методик диагностики заболеваний сердечной мышцы. Кроме того, сравнение уровня метилирования одних и тех же сайтов цитозин-гуаниновой последовательности открывает перспективы для разработки системы высокоспецифичной диагностики миокардита и других заболеваний системы кровообращения.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cell-free DNA</kwd><kwd>histones</kwd><kwd>myocarditis diagnostics</kwd><kwd>liquid biopsy</kwd><kwd>noncoding RNA</kwd><kwd>methylation</kwd><kwd>microRNA</kwd><kwd>myocarditis</kwd><kwd>epigenetics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внеклеточная дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота</kwd><kwd>гистоны</kwd><kwd>диагностика миокардита</kwd><kwd>жидкостная биопсия</kwd><kwd>некодирующая рибонуклеиновая кислота</kwd><kwd>метилирование</kwd><kwd>микрорибонуклеиновая кислота</kwd><kwd>миокардит</kwd><kwd>эпигенетика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Sagar S, Liu PP, Cooper LT Jr. Myocarditis. 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