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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской военно-медицинской академии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1682-7392</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1424</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">64495</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/brmma64495</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Problems and prospects for the use of stem cells in transplantation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Проблемы и перспективы использования стволовых клеток в трансплантологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3403-3850</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moskalev</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Москалев</surname><given-names>Александр Витальевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of medical sciences, professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>alexmav195223@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gumilevsky</surname><given-names>Boris Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гумилевский</surname><given-names>Борис Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of medical sciences, professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>alexmav195223@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7658-4856</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6507529350</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">Е-8190-2019</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4978-0785</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Apchel</surname><given-names>Vasiliy Ya.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Апчел</surname><given-names>Василий Яковлевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of medical sciences, professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>alexmav195223@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Cygan</surname><given-names>Vasiliy N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыган</surname><given-names>Василий Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of medical sciences, professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>alexmav195223@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова МО РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский государственный педагогический университет имени А.И. Герцена Минобрнауки России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>175</fpage><lpage>186</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-04-01"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-06-01"><day>01</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Moskalev A.V., Gumilevsky B.Y., Apchel V.Y., Cygan V.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Москалев А.В., Гумилевский Б.Ю., Апчел В.Я., Цыган В.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Moskalev A.V., Gumilevsky B.Y., Apchel V.Y., Cygan V.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Москалев А.В., Гумилевский Б.Ю., Апчел В.Я., Цыган В.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1682-7392/article/view/64495">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1682-7392/article/view/64495</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The problems of organ and tissue transplantation are the lack of organs for transplantation and the rejection of transplants. Therefore, the issue of obtaining organs and tissues for transplantation with stem cells is being studied. Although this idea is promising, it is associated with many problems. To do this, you need to use several populations of cells on a substrate with a complex composition of nutrient environments: nutrients, growth factors, oxygen, regulatory factors. Intercellular interaction is provided by the factors they secrete, or it occurs directly with intercellular contact. This contributes to the fact that stem cells in test tubes can differentiate into other types of tissues and maintain their biological activity indefinitely, which they cannot in vivo. This approach of tissue engineering provides the possibility of obtaining whole organs for implantation. However, technical problems are associated with increased cell adhesion to plastic, the presence of a universal basis for cell nutrition, which can contain more than 100 components. There is a possibility of contamination, which can lead to serious errors in the experiment. Stem cells must have distinct mutational properties and the ability to restore telome cells. Prolonged use of the same nutrient medium can lead to genetic changes and significantly alter the physiological properties of cells. Cryopreservation can be an important aspect of the solution. The goal of tissue bioengineering is to create whole artificial organs, or at least areas of organized tissue that could be transplanted to patients. Currently, such operations are relatively simple for tissues such as artificial skin consisting of epidermal and fibroblast layers, or small cartilage implants obtained in vitro. Several cell types in stable shape are planned to be used in one environment. In this case, one type of cell can be replaced by another. This stability is provided by a variety of secreted factors by different types of cells that ensure their vitality. Decellularization removes all components involved in immune rejection of grafts, so this raises the prospect of creating an unlimited supply of organs for transplantation. However, acute reactions can develop associated with the participation of dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killers. Starting from the moment of transplantation, conditions for immune rejection are created, arising as a result of surgery with the development of acute inflammation. The intensity of immune reactions against the graft largely depends on the degree of non-conformity of alleles of the main complex of histocompany capacity of the donor and recipient. This match is studied using a variety of methods, including the use of antibodies or sequencing of deoxyribonucleic acid.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проблемы трансплантации органов и тканей заключаются в недостатке органов для трансплантации и отторжении трансплантатов. Поэтому изучается вопрос получения органов и тканей для трансплантации с помощью стволовых клеток. Несмотря на то, что эта идея перспективна, она связана со многими проблемами, возникающими из-за сложности системы. Необходимо использовать несколько популяций клеток на подложке со сложным составом питательных сред: питательные вещества, факторы роста, кислород, регуляторные факторы. Необходимо контролировать межклеточные взаимодействия, которые обеспечивают секрецию разнообразных факторов, что способствует дифференцировке стволовых клеток в таких условиях в другие типы тканей. Необходимо поддерживать такую биологическую активность бесконечно долго, чего не происходит в организме. При выполнении этих условий, такой подход тканевой инженерии обеспечивает возможность получения целых органов для имплантации. Однако технические проблемы связаны с повышением адгезии клеток к пластику, наличием универсальной основы для питания клеток, которая может содержать более 100 компонентов. Существует возможность контаминации, что может приводить к серьезным ошибкам в эксперименте. Стволовые клетки должны обладать выраженными мутационными свойствами и способностью к восстановлению теломер. Длительное использование одной и той же питательной среды может приводить к генетическим изменениям и значительно изменять физиологические свойства клеток. Важным аспектом решения этой проблемы может быть криоконсервация. Целевой задачей тканевой биоинженерии является создание цельных искусственных органов или, по крайней мере, участков организованных тканей, которые могли бы быть трансплантированы пациентам. В настоящее время такие операции относительно просты для таких тканей, как искусственная кожа, состоящая из эпидермального и фибробластного слоев, или небольших хрящевых имплантатов, полученных <italic>in vitro</italic>. В одной среде планируется использовать несколько типов клеток в стабильной форме. В этом случае один тип клеток может замещаться другим. Такая стабильность обеспечивается многообразием секретируемых факторов различными типами клеток, обеспечивающих их жизнедеятельность. Децеллюляризация удаляет все компоненты, участвующие в иммунном отторжении трансплантатов, так что это поднимает перспективу создания неограниченного запаса органов для трансплантации. Однако могут развиваться острые реакции, связанные с участием дендритных клеток, макрофагов, нейтрофилов, натуральных киллеров. Начиная с момента пересадки создаются условия для иммунного отторжения, возникающие вследствие оперативного вмешательства с развитием острого воспаления. Интенсивность иммунных реакций против трансплантата во многом зависит от степени несоответствия аллелей главного комплекса гистосовместимости донора и реципиента. Это соответствие исследуется с помощью различных методов, включающих использование антител или секвенирования дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cellular differentiation</kwd><kwd>chromosome</kwd><kwd>genes</kwd><kwd>modification</kwd><kwd>mutation</kwd><kwd>nucleic acids</kwd><kwd>phenotype</kwd><kwd>plasmids</kwd><kwd>promoter</kwd><kwd>site</kwd><kwd>stem cells</kwd><kwd>transcriptional factors</kwd><kwd>translocation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гены</kwd><kwd>клеточная дифференцировка</kwd><kwd>модификации</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd><kwd>нуклеиновые кислоты</kwd><kwd>сайт</kwd><kwd>стволовая клетка</kwd><kwd>плазмиды</kwd><kwd>промоутер</kwd><kwd>факторы транскрипции</kwd><kwd>фенотип</kwd><kwd>хромосома</kwd><kwd>транслокация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moskalev AV, Sboichakov VB, Rudoi AS. 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