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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российской военно-медицинской академии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1682-7392</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1424</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">72051</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/brmma72051</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Immunological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus damage</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Иммунологические аспекты поражения коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Minnullin</surname><given-names>Timur I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миннуллин</surname><given-names>Тимур Ильдарович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>candidate of medical sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>gniiivm_2@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanov</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанов</surname><given-names>Александр Валентинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of medical sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук</p></bio><email>gniiivm_2@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chepur</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чепур</surname><given-names>Сергей Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of medical sciences, professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>gniiivm_2@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivchenko</surname><given-names>Evgeny V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивченко</surname><given-names>Евгений Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of medical sciences, associate professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, доцент</p></bio><email>gniiivm_2@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fateev</surname><given-names>Ivan V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фатеев</surname><given-names>Иван Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of medical sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук</p></bio><email>gniiivm_2@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8396-1936</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57208311867</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kryukov</surname><given-names>Evgeniy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крюков</surname><given-names>Евгений Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of medical sciences, professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>evgeniy.md@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsygan</surname><given-names>Vasily N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыган</surname><given-names>Василий Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of medical sciences, professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>vn-t@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Testing Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научно-исследовательский испытательный институт военной медицины МО РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова МО РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>187</fpage><lpage>198</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-06-23"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-06-23"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Minnullin T.I., Stepanov A.V., Chepur S.V., Ivchenko E.V., Fateev I.V., Kryukov E.V., Tsygan V.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Миннуллин Т.И., Степанов А.В., Чепур С.В., Ивченко Е.В., Фатеев И.В., Крюков Е.В., Цыган В.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Minnullin T.I., Stepanov A.V., Chepur S.V., Ivchenko E.V., Fateev I.V., Kryukov E.V., Tsygan V.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Миннуллин Т.И., Степанов А.В., Чепур С.В., Ивченко Е.В., Фатеев И.В., Крюков Е.В., Цыган В.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1682-7392/article/view/72051">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1682-7392/article/view/72051</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In 2020 the whole world was faced with an epidemiological outbreak caused by a new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The information available to date suggests that the newly isolated SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus should be assigned to superantigens, the main manifestations of which, as it is known, are suppression of nonspecific resistance factors and suppression of innate immunity mechanisms associated with the formation of a systemic inflammatory response in the form of cytokine storm and pathological activation of phagocytes in the lung tissue with its alteration and subsequent fibrosis. In this case, it is quite difficult and sometimes even impossible to observe the formation of fully-fledged specific immune answer on the effect of such antigens. This, along with the high infectious nature of the disease and the associated mortality, requires special attention to the underlying immunopatomechanism(s). Perhaps that is why little information has been obtained regarding the immunogenic properties of the newly isolated SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus so far, as well as, most importantly, about the structures of the virus itself responsible for the formation of specific immunity to it. The latter will serve as the basis for patient management and vaccine development. Nevertheless, a certain point of view on this issue is already beginning to form, as tools for detecting specific antibodies are being actively developed, as well as modern diagnostic tests for coronavirus, which include real-time polymerase chain reaction, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and isothermal amplification mediated by reverse transcription. The presented analysis makes it possible to expand the understanding of the issue concerning the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19, the mechanisms of the onset and development of the disease in a living organism, the formation of an immune response to the new coronavirus, and also to determine the therapeutic tactics of managing patients with severe coronavirus infection. Elucidating the mechanisms of the emergence and development of a new coronavirus infection can help scientists, general practitioners, clinicians, and laboratory physicians respond correctly to the COVID-19 pandemic.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В 2020 г. весь мир столкнулся с эпидемиологической вспышкой, вызванной новым коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2. Имеющиеся к настоящему времени сведения свидетельствуют в пользу того, что вновь выделенный коронавирус SARS-CoV-2 следует отнести к «суперантигенам», основными проявлениями которых, как известно, являются подавление факторов неспецифической резистентности и угнетение механизмов врожденного иммунитета, сопряженное с формированием системной воспалительной реакции в виде «цитокинового шторма» и патологической активацией фагоцитов в легочной ткани с ее альтерацией и последующим фиброзированием. В этой связи достаточно сложным, а порой и невозможным, представляется формирование полноценного специфического иммунного ответа на воздействие подобных антигенов. Это, наряду с высокой инфекционной природой заболевания и связанной с ним смертностью, требует особого внимания к лежащему в его основе иммунопатомеханизму(-ам). Возможно, именно поэтому пока получено достаточно мало информации относительно иммуногенных свойств вновь выделенного коронавируса SARS-CoV-2, а также, что особенно важно, о структурах самого вируса, ответственных за формирование специфического иммунитета к нему. Последние будут служить основой для ведения пациентов и разработки вакцин. Тем не менее определенная точка зрения по данному вопросу уже начинает формироваться, поскольку активно разрабатываются средства выявления специфических антител, а также современные диагностические тесты на коронавирус, которые включают полимеразную цепную реакцию в реальном времени, полимеразную цепную реакцию с обратной транскрипцией в реальном времени и изотермическую амплификацию, опосредованную обратной транскрипцией. Представленный анализ позволяет расширить понимание вопроса, касающегося иммунопатогенеза COVID-19, механизмов возникновения и развития заболевания в живом организме, формирования иммунного ответа на новый коронавирус, а также определить терапевтическую тактику ведения больных с тяжелой коронавирусной инфекцией. Выяснение механизмов возникновения и развития новой коронавирусной инфекции может помочь ученым, практикующим врачам общей практики, клиницистам и врачам лабораторной медицины правильно реагировать на пандемию COVID-19.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>new coronavirus infection</kwd><kwd>immunological resistance</kwd><kwd>coronavirus</kwd><kwd>immunopatomechanisms</kwd><kwd>superantigen</kwd><kwd>real-time polymerase chain reaction</kwd><kwd>therapeutic tactics</kwd><kwd>immunogenic properties of coronaviruses</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>новая коронавирусная инфекция</kwd><kwd>иммунологическая резистентность</kwd><kwd>коронавирус</kwd><kwd>иммунопатомеханизмы</kwd><kwd>суперантиген</kwd><kwd>полимеразная цепная реакция в реальном времени</kwd><kwd>терапевтическая тактика</kwd><kwd>иммуногенные свойства коронавирусов</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarov V, Riabova O, Ekins S, et al. 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