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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Informacionnye Tehnologii</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Informacionnye Tehnologii</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Информационные технологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-6400</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">New Technologies Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">702251</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17587/it.31.16-23</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Modeling and optimization</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Моделирование и оптимизация</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Single-flow automated line with intermediate storage and various types of downtime of production cells</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Однопоточная автоматизированная линия с промежуточными накопителями и различными видами простоев производственных ячеек</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Olshanskaya</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ольшанская</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Tech. Sc., Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доц.</p></bio><email>irinaolsh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorenko</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федоренко</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lecturer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ст. преподаватель</p></bio><email>sergey.fedor@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sevastopol State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Севастопольский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-06"><day>06</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-06"><day>06</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Informacionnye Tehnologii</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Информационные технологии</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Informacionnye Tehnologii</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Информационные технологии</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1684-6400/article/view/702251">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1684-6400/article/view/702251</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In technology we widely use semi-Markov processes, because with their help someone can model a large number of production systems. For increasing automated production flexibility and reliability workers use storage devices in different roles, such as inter-operational buffers in conveyor production, as loading and unloading solutions, as modules with the ability to store products, etc. On the other hand, during operation, off-cycle time losses (downtime) occur, which have a significant impact on the system. In this regard, problems arise in constructing mathematical models based on them, taking into account the features, structure and purpose of such systems, making it possible to identify and analyze those types of downtime that have the greatest impact on their functioning. It is known that in practice we cannot completely eliminate any type of downtime during operation, so the our research goal is to develop a mathematical model that will allow us to determine by what amount certain downtime can actually be reduced and how this will effect on the reliability and efficiency characteristics. In this paper, for a single-threaded automated line with intermediate storage devices, we build a semi-Markov model with a discrete-continuous phase state space. Then, using the asymptotic phase enlargement algorithm, we find expressions for the approximate calculation of the system under consideration stationary reliability characteristics. In the final part of the article, as an illustration of our results, we present the calculated stationary characteristics values using the example of a three-phase system for different processing times of the outlet device.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Полумарковские процессы нашли широкое распространение в технике. С их помощью моделируется большое число производственных систем. Повышение гибкости и надежности в автоматизированном производстве может достигаться за счет использования накопителей как межоперационных накопителей в конвейерном производстве, как погрузочно-разгрузочных решений, как модулей с возможностью хранения продукции и т. д. Вместе с тем, в процессе функционирования возникают внецикловые потери времени (простои), оказывающие значительное влияние на систему. В связи с этим возникает задача построения математических моделей, учитывающих особенности, структуру и назначение таких систем, позволяющих выделять и анализировать те виды простоев, которые оказывают наибольшее влияние на их функционирование. Известно, что на практике ни один вид простоев в процессе эксплуатации не может быть полностью исключен, поэтому цель данного исследования заключается в разработке математической модели, которая позволит определить, на сколько можно реально сократить те или иные простои, и как это повлияет на характеристики надежности и эффективности. В работе для однопоточной автоматизированной линии с промежуточными накопителями строится полумарковская модель с дискретно-непрерывным фазовым пространством состояний. Затем с использованием алгоритма асимптотического фазового укрупнения находятся выражения для приближенного вычисления стационарных характеристик надежности рассматриваемой системы. В качестве иллюстрации полученных результатов приводятся расчетные значения стационарных характеристик на примере трехфазной системы при различном времени обработки выпускного устройства.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>semi-Markov model</kwd><kwd>technical system</kwd><kwd>intermediate storage devices</kwd><kwd>downtime</kwd><kwd>asymptotic phase aggregation algorithm</kwd><kwd>reliability characteristics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>полумарковская модель</kwd><kwd>техническая система</kwd><kwd>промежуточные накопители</kwd><kwd>простои</kwd><kwd>алгоритм асимптотического фазового укрупнения</kwd><kwd>характеристики надежности</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacGregor S. J., Tan B. eds. 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