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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Informacionnye Tehnologii</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Informacionnye Tehnologii</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Информационные технологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-6400</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">New Technologies Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">704117</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17587/it.32.126-133</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Modeling and optimization</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Моделирование и оптимизация</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">A methodology for evaluating the training effectiveness of quadrocopter operators based on digital behavioral trace analysis and latent action patterns</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Методика оценки эффективности обучения операторов квадрокоптеров на основе анализа цифрового следа поведения и скрытых паттернов действий</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Serebryakov</surname><given-names>M. Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серебряков</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, Senior Lecturer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, ст. преподаватель</p></bio><email>dop3fun@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg State Marine Technical University,</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный морской технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Informacionnye Tehnologii</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Информационные технологии</issue-title><fpage>126</fpage><lpage>133</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-11"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-11"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Informacionnye Tehnologii</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Информационные технологии</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Informacionnye Tehnologii</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Информационные технологии</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1684-6400/article/view/704117">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1684-6400/article/view/704117</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper proposes and substantiates a new methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of quadcopter operator training Digital Behavioral Trace Analysis, based on end-to-end analysis of the digital trace of small managerial actions. Unlike traditional approaches that rely on objective performance metrics, psychological questionnaires or expensive physiomonitoring, Digital Behavioral Trace Analysis captures high-frequency control parameters: reaction time to a command, frequency of stick micro-corrections, statistics of deviations from the optimal trajectory and additional attributes. To test the methodology, a quadrocopter flight simulator was used, in which 10 operators performed five runs of a standard scenario "takeoff  maneuver  landing". Using automated logging, data were collected for four key attributes, after which the mean values for each participant underwent clustering using the K-means method. The experimental results showed a clear separation of the participants into two groups: "confident" operators with low reaction times and infrequent micro-corrections and uncertain participants with elongated reaction times and high frequency of minor corrections. Identifying latent patterns of behavior without involving subjective assessments or sophisticated equipment provides new opportunities for adaptive simulators and predictive monitoring systems. In particular, DBTA can serve as a basis for automatic adjustment of the complexity of training tasks in real time, timely detection of operator fatigue or overload, and more objective selection of candidates for the position of UAV pilot. In the future, the methodology is planned to be extended to include additional attributes: camera operation, trajectory analysis, interaction with the user interface, and application of supervised models for predicting readiness to perform complex flight scenarios.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Предложена и обоснована новая методика оценки эффективности обучения операторов квадрокоптеров — Digital Behavioral Trace Analysis (DBTA), основанная на сквозном анализе цифрового следа мелких управленческих действий. В отличие от традиционных подходов, опирающихся на объективные метрики производительности, психологические опросники или дорогостоящий физиомониторинг, DBTA фиксирует высокочастотные параметры управления: время реакции на команду, частоту микрокоррекций стиков, статистику отклонений от оптимальной траектории и дополнительные признаковые характеристики. Для апробации методики был использован симулятор полета квадрокоптера, в котором 10 операторов выполнили по пять прогонов стандартного сценария "взлет—маневр—посадка". С помощью автоматизированного логирования были собраны данные по четырем ключевым признакам, после чего средние значения для каждого участника прошли кластеризацию методом K-means. Результаты экспериментальной проверки показали четкое разделение участников на две группы: уверенно работающие операторы с низкими задержками реакции и редкими микрокоррекциями и неуверенные участники с удлиненным временем реакции и высокой частотой мелких корректировок. Выявление скрытых паттернов поведения без привлечения субъективных оценок или сложного оборудования предоставляет новые возможности для адаптивных тренажеров и систем предиктивного мониторинга. В частности, DBTA может служить основой для автоматической корректировки сложности учебных заданий в режиме реального времени, своевременного обнаружения усталости или перегрузки оператора и более объективного отбора кандидатов на должность пилота БПЛА. В перспективе методику планируется расширить за счет включения дополнительных признаков, полученных на основе: работы с камерой, анализа траекторий, взаимодействия с пользовательским интерфейсом и применения супервизированных моделей прогнозирования готовности к выполнению сложных полетных сценариев.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>digital footprint</kwd><kwd>quadcopter operator</kwd><kwd>evaluation methodology</kwd><kwd>micro-corrections</kwd><kwd>reaction time</kwd><kwd>clustering</kwd><kwd>adaptive simulator</kwd><kwd>predictive monitoring</kwd><kwd>training effectiveness</kwd><kwd>skill telemetry</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цифровой след</kwd><kwd>оператор квадрокоптера</kwd><kwd>методика оценки</kwd><kwd>микрокоррекции</kwd><kwd>время реакции</kwd><kwd>кластеризация</kwd><kwd>адаптивный тренажер</kwd><kwd>предиктивный мониторинг</kwd><kwd>эффективность обучения</kwd><kwd>телеметрия навыков</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan M. 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