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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2918</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2499-9490</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">113575</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29296/24999490-2022-02-03</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Compensatory mutations as a mechanism for preserving virulence and viability of drug-resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Компенсаторные мутации как механизм сохранения вирулентности и жизнеспособности лекарственно-устойчивых форм Mycobacterium tuberculosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vishnevsky</surname><given-names>Boris Izrailevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вишневский</surname><given-names>Борис Израилевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Scientific Advisor; Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный консультант; доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>bivish@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ Санкт-Петербургский НИИ фтизиопульмонологии Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-02-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 20, NO2 (2022)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 20, №2 (2022)</issue-title><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-11-18"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-02-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/113575">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/113575</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Tuberculosis remains one of the leading causes of death from infectious diseases in the world. According to WHO data, tuberculosis is diagnosed annually in more than 100 million people and causes 4.5 thousand deaths. Despite a steady decline in the main epidemiological indicators for tuberculosis, the drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) continues to increase steadily, and according to the Saint-Petersburg Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology data that occures in all its localizations. There is a dangerous spread of multiple and broad drug resistance of MBT, and, most alarmingly, total resistance of MBT to all anti-tuberculosis drugs. The purpose of the review is to summarize current data on compensatory mutations that pose a serious threat, allowing to preserve the viability and virulence of drug-resistant forms of M. tuberculosis. Material and methods. The literature search was carried out using databases eLIBRARY.RU, MedLine, PubMed for 2000 - 2021. Results. MBT drug resistance, unlike other infections, results from accumulation of chromosomal mutations, rather than from plasmids and mobile genetic elements. Currently, mutations in genes associated with resistance to almost all anti-tuberculosis drugs are known. Drug resistance acquisition has pleiotropic effects, i.e. it is associated with known biological costs, often reducing the viability and virulence of MBT. But numerous studies have established that in the course of MBT evolution, so-called compensatory mutations are acquired in other genes, that can interact epistatically with resistance mutations, thereby reducing the «cost» of adaptiveness while maintaining the viability and virulence of the pathogen. Conclusion. The current crisis of classical antibacterial therapy necessitates further in-depth study of compensatory mutations, mainly to find «antimutators» as an alternative therapy to improve the effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Туберкулез (ТБ) остается одной из основных причин смертности от инфекционных заболеваний в мире. Согласно данным ВОЗ, ежегодно в мире заболевают до 10 млн человек и почти 4,5 тыс. от него умирают. Несмотря на стойкое снижение основных эпидемиологических показателей по ТБ, продолжается неуклонное повышение лекарственной устойчивости (ЛУ) микобактерий туберкулеза (МБТ), а по данным СПбНИИФ - при всех его локализациях. Наблюдается опасное распространение множественной (МЛУ) и широкой ЛУ МБТ, и, что наиболее тревожно, тотальной ЛУ МБТ ко всем противотуберкулезным препаратам (ПТП). Цель обзора - обобщить современные данные о несущих серьезную угрозу компенсаторных мутациях, позволяющих сохранить жизнеспособность и вирулентность ЛУ-форм МБТ. Материал и методы. Поиск литературы осуществлен по базам eLIBRARY.RU, MedLine, PubMed за 2000-2021 гг. Результаты. Лекарственная резистентность МБТ, в отличие от других инфекций, происходит вследствие накопления хромосомных мутаций, а не за счет плазмид и мобильных генетических элементов. В настоящее время известны мутации в генах, ассоциированные с ЛУ практически ко всем ПТП. Приобретение ЛУ имеет плейотропные эффекты, то есть связано с известными биологическими издержками, нередко приводимыми к снижению жизнеспособности и вирулентности МБТ. Но многочисленными исследованиями установлено, что в ходе эволюции МБТ приобретают так называемые компенсаторные мутации в других генах, которые могут эпистатически взаимодействовать с мутациями устойчивости, снижая тем самым «стоимость» адаптивной приспособленности с сохранением жизнеспособности и вирулентности возбудителя. Заключение. Наблюдаемый в настоящее время кризис классической антибактериальной терапии диктует необходимость дальнейшего углубленного исследования компенсаторных мутаций, главным образом, для поиска «антимутаторов» как альтернативной терапии в целях повышения эффективности лечения ТБ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>drug resistance</kwd><kwd>mechanisms of development</kwd><kwd>pleiotropic effects of resistance</kwd><kwd>compensatory mutations</kwd><kwd>search for «antimutators</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микобактерии туберкулеза</kwd><kwd>лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>механизмы развития</kwd><kwd>плейотропные эффекты резистентности</kwd><kwd>компенсаторные мутации</kwd><kwd>поиск «антимутаторов»</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>World Tuberculosis Day. 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