<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2918</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2499-9490</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">303681</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29296/24999490-2023-01-08</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original research</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The level of immune checkpoint co-inhibitors in tumor tissue in patients with colon tumor</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Уровень коингибирующих иммунных контрольных точек в ткани опухоли у пациентов с новообразованиями толстой кишки</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8472-107X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chetveryakov</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Четверяков</surname><given-names>Андрей Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate, Department of Hospital Surgery, FSBI HE “Chita State Medical Academy” of Ministry of Health</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры госпитальной хирургии ФГБОУ ВО «Читинская государственная медицинская академия» Минздрава России</p></bio><email>yasnogorsk94@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2166-5154</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsepelev</surname><given-names>Viktor L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цепелев</surname><given-names>Виктор Львович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Department of Hospital Surgery, FSBI HE “Chita State Medical Academy” of Ministry of Health</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заведующий кафедрой госпитальной хирургии ФГБОУ ВО «Читинская государственная медицинская академия» Минздрава России. Доктор медицинских наук, профессор.</p></bio><email>viktorcepelev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">FSBI HE “Chita State Medical Academy” of Ministry of Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Читинская государственная медицинская академия Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-03-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>56</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-03-01"><day>01</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-03-01"><day>01</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-03-01"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/303681">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/303681</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>A high level of checkpoint co-inhibitors in the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in inhibiting the local immune response, which contributes to the growth and progression of cancer.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the study.</bold> We aimed to determine immune checkpoint co-inhibitors level (CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, PD-1) and their ligands (B7-2, Galectin-9, PD-L1) in tumor tissue in patients with benign tumor of the colon and cancer.</p> <p><bold>Methods:</bold> the study enrolled 94 patients divided into 3 groups: 44 patients with colorectal cancer, 25 with a benign colon tumor, 25 – a control group (patients who underwent plastic surgery of a colostomy formed earlier due to a colon injury). The level of immune checkpoint co-inhibitors and their ligands was studied in tumor tissue by flow cytofluometry on a CytoFlex LX analyzer (Beckman Coulter, USA) using the LEGENDplex ™ HU multiplex analysis kit (Immune Checkpoint, USA)</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold> we found that in patients with colon cancer the level of immune checkpoint co-inhibitors (TIM-3, CTLA-4, LAG-3) in the homogenate supernatant of the tumor tissue was higher than in the control group. The level of TIM-3 protein increased by 43.6 times (p&lt;0.001), CTLA-4 – by 2.3 times (p=0.007), LAG-3 – by 5.1 times (p&lt;0.001). Patients with colorectal cancer also showed the elevation of the concentration of TIM-3 protein by 11.4 times (p&lt;0.001), LAG-3 by 1.8 times (p=0.008), CTLA-4 protein by 1.5 times (p=0.02) compared to patients with benign colon tumor. In patients with colorectal cancer, the level of the TIM-3 ligand (Galectin-9) exceeded the indicator of the control group by 56.7 times (p&lt;0.001), and the CTLA-4 ligand (B7-2) – by 1.7 times (p=0.004). In addition, the concentration of Galectin-9 in patients with CRC was 3.4 times higher (p&lt;0.001), the B7-2 ligand was 1.5 times higher (p=0.04). compared to patients with benign colon tumor.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion: </bold>an increase in the level of CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3 and their ligands – B7-2 and Galectin-9 in tumor tissue indicates the involvement of these molecules in the cancer genesis of colorectal cancer.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Высокий уровень коингибирующих контрольных точек в микроокружении опухоли играет важную роль в ингибировании локального иммунного ответа, что способствует росту и прогрессированию злокачественного новообразования.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Определить уровень коингибирующих иммунных контрольных точек (CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, PD-1) и их лигандов (B7-2, Galectin-9, PD-L1) в ткани новообразования у пациентов с доброкачественными и злокачественными новообразованиями толстой кишки.</p> <p><bold>Методы:</bold> под наблюдением находились 94 пациента, которые были разделены на 3 группы: 44 больных с колоректальным раком, 25 – с доброкачественной опухолью толстой кишки, 25 – контрольная группа (пациенты, которым выполняли пластику колостомы, сформированной ранее по поводу травмы толстой кишки). Уровень коингибирующих иммунных контрольных точек и их лигандов определяли в супернатанте гомогената опухолевой ткани методом проточной цитофлуометрии на анализаторе CytoFlex LX (Beckman Coulter, США), используя набор для мультиплексного анализа LEGENDplex™ HU (Immune Checkpoint, США).</p> <p><bold>Результаты:</bold> установлено, что у больных с раком толстой кишки в супернатанте гомогената ткани опухоли уровень коингибирующих иммунных контрольных точек (TIM-3, CTLA-4, LAG-3) больше чем в контрольной группе. Уровень белка TIM-3 увеличивается в 43,6 раза (p&lt;0,001), CTLA-4 – в 2,3 раза (p=0,007), LAG-3 – в 5,1 раза (p&lt;0,001). Также у пациентов с колоректальным раком концентрация белка TIM-3 превышала аналогичный показатель больных с доброкачественной опухолью толстой кишки в 11,4 раза (p&lt;0,001), LAG-3 в 1,8 раза (p=0,008), белка CTLA-4 в 1,5 раза (p=0,02). У больных со злокачественным новообразованием толстой кишки уровень лиганда TIM-3 (Galectin-9) превышал показатель группы контроля в 56,7 раза (p&lt;0,001), а лиганда CTLA-4 (B7-2) – в 1,7 раза (p=0,004). К тому же концентрация Galectin-9 у пациентов с КРР по отношению к группе больных доброкачественной опухолью толстой кишки была выше в 3,4 раза (p&lt;0,001), лиганда B7-2 в 1,5 раза (p=0,04).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Увеличение уровня CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3 и их лигандов – B7-2 и Galectin-9 в ткани опухоли указывает на участие этих молекул в канцерогенезе колоректального рака.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>colorectal cancer</kwd><kwd>immune control points</kwd><kwd>TIM-3</kwd><kwd>CTLA-4</kwd><kwd>LAG-3</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>колоректальный рак</kwd><kwd>иммунные контрольные точки</kwd><kwd>TIM-3</kwd><kwd>CTLA-4</kwd><kwd>LAG-3</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Grisaru-Tal S. Eosinophil–lymphocyte interactions in the tumor microenvironment and cancer immunotherapy. Nature Immunology. 2022; 23 (9): 1309–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-022-01291-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang H., Chen J. Current status and future directions of cancer immunotherapy. J. of cancer. 2018; 9 (10): 1773. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.24577</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Reticker-Flynn N. E. Lymph node colonization induces tumor-immune tolerance to promote distant metastasis. Cell. 2022; 185 (11): 1924–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Ghorbaninezhad F., Masoumi J., Bakhshivand M., Baghbanzadeh A., Mokhtarzadeh A., Kazemi T., Aghebati-Maleki L., Shotorbani S.S., Jafarlou M., Brunetti O., Santarpia M., Baradaran B., Silvestris N. CTLA-4 silencing in dendritic cells loaded with colorectal cancer cell lysate improves autologous T-cell responses in vitro. Front Immunol. 2022; 1 (13): 931316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.931316</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Li X., Zhou X., Liu J., Zhang J., Feng Y., Wang F. Liposomal Co-delivery of PD-L1 siRNA/Anemoside B4 for Enhanced Combinational Immunotherapeutic Effect. ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 2022; 14 (25): 28439–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c01123</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Li X., Zhou X., Liu J., Zhang J., Feng Y., Wang F. Liposomal Co-delivery of PD-L1 siRNA/Anemoside B4 for Enhanced Combinational Immunotherapeutic Effect. ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 2022; 14 (25): 28439–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c01123</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Joller N., Kuchroo K. Tim-3, Lag-3, and TIGIT. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2017; 410: 127–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/82.2017.62</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Liao X.A. Review of emerging biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors in tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical J. of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2022; 28: e935348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.935348</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Sasidharan Nair V., El Salhat H., Taha R.Z. DNA methylation and repressive H3K9 and H3K27 trimethylation in the promoter regions of PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, TIGIT, and PD-L1 genes in human primary breast cancer. Clin Epigenet. 2018; 10 (11): 13148–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-018-0512-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Chen F. Immunohistochemistry analyses of LAG-3 expression across different tumor types and co-expression with PD-1. J. Clin. Oncol. 2020; 38 (15): е15086. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.e15086</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Cheng G., Li M. Expression of Tim-3 in gastric cancer tissue and its relationship with prognosis. Int J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2015; 8 (8): 9452–7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Guo X.J., Lu J.C., Zeng H.Y., Zhou R., Sun Q.M., Yang G.H., Pei Y.Z., Meng X.L., Shen Y.H., Zhang P.F., Cai J.B., Huang P.X., Ke A.W., Shi Y.H., Zhou J., Fan J., Chen Y., Yang L.X., Shi G.M., Huang X.Y. CTLA-4 Synergizes with PD1/PD-L1 in the Inhibitory Tumor Microenvironment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Front Immunol. 2021; 12: 705378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.705378</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Мудров В.А. Алгоритмы статистического анализа количественных признаков в биомедицинских исследованиях с помощью пакета программ SPSS. Забайкальский медицинский вестник. 2020; 1: 140–50. [Mudrov VA. Statistical analysis algorithms of quantitative features in biomedical research using the SPSS software package. Zabajkal’skij medicinskij vestnik. 2020; 1: 140–50 (In Russian)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Lang T.A., Altman D.G. Basic statistical reporting for articles published in biomedical journals: the “Statistical analyses and methods in the published literature” or the SAMPL guidelines. Int J. Nurs Stud. 2015; 52 (1): 5–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.09.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Wen, Y., Tang, F., Tu, C., Hornicek, F., Duan, Z., &amp; Min, L. Immune checkpoints in osteosarcoma: Recent advances and therapeutic potential. Cancer Letters. 2022; 5 (8): 215887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215887</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Bode H.F., Heikkinen A., Lundgren S., Kaprio J. Differences in DNA Methylation-Based Age Prediction Within Twin Pairs Discordant for Cancer. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 2022; 1 (4): 1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Bagbudar S., Karanlik H., Cabioglu N., Bayram A., Ibis K., Aydin E., Yavuz E., Onder S. Prognostic Implications of Immune Infiltrates in the Breast Cancer Microenvironment: The Role of Expressions of CTLA-4, PD-1, and LAG-3. Applied Immunohistochemistry &amp; Molecular Morphology. 2022; 30 (2): 99–107.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Guo X.J., Lu J.C., Zeng H.Y., Zhou R., Sun Q.M., Yang G.H., Pei Y.Z., Meng X.L., Shen Y.H., Zhang P.F., Cai J.B., Huang P.X., Ke A.W., Shi Y.H., Zhou J., Fan J., Chen Y., Yang L.X., Shi G.M., Huang X.Y. CTLA-4 Synergizes with PD1/PD-L1 in the Inhibitory Tumor Microenvironment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Front Immunol. 2021; 12: 705378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.705378.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Baleeiro R.B., Bouwens C.J., Liu P., Di Gioia C., Dunmall L.S. MHC class II molecules on pancreatic cancer cells indicate a potential for neo-antigen-based immunotherapy. OncoImmunology. 2022; 11 (1): 2080329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402x2022.2080329</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Pyke R.M. Evolutionary pressure against MHC class II binding cancer mutations. Cell. 2018; 175 (2): 416–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.048</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Gertel S., Polachek A., Elkayam O. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) regulatory T cells: An evolving biomarker for treatment response in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2022; 21 (6): 103085. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103085</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Toor S. M. et al. Immune checkpoints in circulating and tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cell subsets in colorectal cancer patients. Frontiers in immunology. 2019; 10: 2936.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Tirier S.M., Mallm J.P., Steiger S., Poos A.M., Awwad M.S., Giesen N., Casiraghi N., Susak H., Bauer K., Baumann A., John L., Seckinger A., Hose D., Müller-Tidow C., Goldschmidt H., Stegle O., Hundemer M., Weinhold N., Raab M.S., Rippe K. Subclone-specific microenvironmental impact and drug response in refractory multiple myeloma revealed by single-cell transcriptomics. Nat Commun. 2021; 12 (1): 6960. DOI:1 https://doi.org/0.1038/s41467-021-26951-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Sun F., Guo Z.S., Gregory A.D., Shapiro S.D., Xiao G., Qu Z. Dual but not single PD-1 or TIM-3 blockade enhances oncolytic virotherapy in refractory lung cancer. J. Immunother Cancer. 2020; 8 (1): 000294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2019-000294</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Wang, J., Asch, A. S., Hamad, N., Weickhardt, A., Tomaszewska-Kiecana, M., Dlugosz-Danecka, M. A phase 1, open-label study of MGD013, a bispecific DART® molecule binding PD-1 and LAG-3 in patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2022; 136: 21–2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Feng Y., Liu L., Li J., Huang J., Xie J.H., Menard L., Shi Y., Zhao X., Xie S., Zang W., Tan H. Systematic characterization of the tumor microenvironment in Chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma highlights intratumoral B-cells as a potential immunotherapy target. Oncol Rep. 2022; 47 (2): 38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8249</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
