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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2918</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2499-9490</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">677279</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29296/24999490-2024-06-02</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Experimental models of lung sarcoidosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экспериментальные модели саркоидоза легких</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6273-4304</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zinchenko</surname><given-names>Yulia Sergeevna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зинченко</surname><given-names>Юлия Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Senior Researcher, Head of the Laboratory for the Study of Chronic Nonspecific Lung Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник, руководитель лаборатории изучения хронических неспецифических заболеваний легких, кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>ulia-zinchenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6974-5305</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Muraviov</surname><given-names>Alexander Nikolaevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муравьев</surname><given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Leading Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Scientific Secretary</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник, руководитель лаборатории клеточной биологии и регенеративной медицины, ученый секретарь, кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>urolog5@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2810-8852</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryashov</surname><given-names>Grigory Gennadievich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудряшов</surname><given-names>Григорий Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Leading Researcher, Head of the Department of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий научный сотрудник, руководитель отдела пульмонологии и торакальной хирургии, кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>gg.kudriashov@spbniif.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4807-8726</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kornilova</surname><given-names>Anastasia Igorevna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корнилова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник, лаборант-исследователь</p></bio><email>an.kornilova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2640-6159</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyatlova</surname><given-names>Anastasia Sergeevna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дятлова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>me@diatlova.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8682-9909</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakova</surname><given-names>Victoria Olegovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полякова</surname><given-names>Виктория Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Fundamental Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>руководитель отдела фундаментальной медицины, доктор биологических наук, профессор</p></bio><email>vo.polyakova@spbniif.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт фтизиопульмонологии» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-17"><day>17</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-17"><day>17</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2030-03-17"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/677279">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/677279</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown origin. The study of its features and the development of new diagnostic and treatment methods are limited by the absence of generally accepted experimental models. The purpose of the review is to evaluate existing models of sarcoidosis. To date, there have been in vitro, in vivo, and in silico models of lung sarcoidosis developed. In vitro models are mainly based on cells obtained from C57BL/6J mice or from patients with sarcoidosis. In vivo models have been developed using Lewis rats and C57BL/6 mice. Granuloma formation in these experimental models occurs under the influence of various infectious (most often M. tuberculosis antigens) and non-infectious triggers (such as introducing nanoparticles like quantum dots and multi-walled carbon nanotubes). In silico models consist of individual studies that combine biological data with mathematical and computational representations of granuloma formation. These models allow researchers to evaluate the interactions between immune cells and various cytokines and predict the effects of drugs on potential targets. However, the quality of these models is closely linked to in vitro and in vivo studies and the information obtained from research on the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis.</p> <p><bold>Material and methods. </bold>Studies published in international research databases over the last ten years were reviewed using the keywords sarcoidosis, lung sarcoidosis, and sarcoidosis models, in silico, in vitro and in vivo models.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>None of the models adequately meets the research objectives and does not fully reproduce the disease. The prospects for improving sarcoidosis models lie in the use of genetically engineered mice, the creation of cell lines, and the exploration of in silico models.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Саркоидоз – системное гранулематозное заболевание неизвестной природы. Изучение особенностей заболевания, разработка новых диагностических и терапевтических методов ограничено отсутствием общепринятых экспериментальных моделей. Цель обзора – оценка существующих моделей саркоидоза. На сегодняшний день существуют in vitro, in vivo и in silico модели саркоидоза легких. Создание in vitro моделей проводится в основном на клетках, полученных от мышей линии C57BL/6J или на клетках пациентов с саркоидозом. In vivo модели саркоидоза были разработаны на крысах Lewis и мышах линии C57BL/6. Формирование гранулемы в экспериментальной модели происходит под воздействием различных инфекционных (чаще антигены M. tuberculosis) и неорганических триггеров (с введением наночастиц – квантовых точек, многостенных углеводных трубок). Модели in silico представлены единичными работами и подразумевают сочетание биологических данных с математическими и компьютерными представлениями для моделей гранулемы. Модели in silico позволяют оценить взаимодействие иммунных клеток с различными цитокинами, смоделировать влияние лекарственных препаратов на их потенциальные мишени. Однако их качество тесно связано с in vitro и in vivo моделями и информацией, полученной при изучении патогенеза саркоидоза.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы. </bold>Исследования, представленные в международных базах данных исследований за последние 10 лет, поиск по ключевым словам: саркоидоз, саркоидоз легких, модели саркоидоза, in silico, in vitro, in vivo модели.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Ни одна из моделей достаточно не соответствует исследовательским целям и не воспроизводит полностью заболевание. Перспективы в совершенствовании моделей саркоидоза направлены на применение генетически модифицированных мышей, на генерацию клеточных линий, а также изучение in silico моделей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lung sarcoidosis</kwd><kwd>sarcoidosis models</kwd><kwd>multi-walled carbon nanotubes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>саркоидоз легких</kwd><kwd>модели саркоидоза</kwd><kwd>многостенные углеродные нанотрубки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Polverino F., Balestro E., Spagnolo P. Clinical Presentations, Pathogenesis, and Therapy of Sarcoidosis: State of the Art. J. Clin. Med. 2020; 9 (8): 2363. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082363.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Sakthivela P., Brudera B. Mechanism of granuloma formation in sarcoidosisю Curr. Opin. Hematol. 2017; 24 (1): 59–65. 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