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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2918</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2499-9490</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">677287</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29296/24999490-2024-06-04</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Innovative approaches to genome editing in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инновационные подходы к редактированию генома в лечении нейродегенеративных заболеваний</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-7859</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tereshchenko</surname><given-names>Sergey Yuryevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Терещенко</surname><given-names>Сергей Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Clinical Department of Somatic and Mental Health of Children, Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>руководитель клинического отделения соматического и психического здоровья детей, обособленное подразделение – Научно-исследовательский институт медицинских проблем Севера, доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>legise@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1133-4447</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Potupchik</surname><given-names>Tatyana Vitalievna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Потупчик</surname><given-names>Татьяна Витальевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology with a postgraduate course, Candidate of Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры фармакологии и клинической фармакологии с курсом постдипломного образования, кандидат медицинских наук. </p></bio><email>potupchik_tatyana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0665-7428</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Evert</surname><given-names>Lydia Semenovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эверт</surname><given-names>Лидия Семеновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief Researcher of the Clinical Department of Somatic and Mental Health of Children, a separate unit – Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Professor of the Department of General Professional Disciplines, Medical Institute. Doctor of Medical Sciences.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>главный научный сотрудник клинического отделения соматического и психического здоровья детей, обособленное подразделение – Научно-исследовательский институт медицинских проблем Севера, профессор кафедры общепрофессиональных дисциплин, доктор медицинских наук</p></bio><email>lidiya_evert@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5183-4499</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalchuk</surname><given-names>Vladimir Alekseevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковальчук</surname><given-names>Владимир Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6<sup>th</sup> year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент VI курса</p></bio><email>ropegi47@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3687-9404</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filippova</surname><given-names>Maria Andreevna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филиппова</surname><given-names>Мария Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6<sup>th</sup> year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студентка VI курса</p></bio><email>mari.filippova.99@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0652-2212</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Magalova</surname><given-names>Aysun Renatovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Магалова</surname><given-names>Айсун Ренатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6<sup>th</sup> year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студентка VI курса</p></bio><email>amagalova2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр «Красноярский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Красноярский государственный медицинский университет им. профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Khakass State University named after N.F. Katanov of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Medical Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Хакасский государственный университет им. Н.Ф. Катанова Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ, Медицинский институт</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Yaroslavl State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Ярославский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-17"><day>17</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-17"><day>17</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2030-03-17"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/677287">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/677287</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>The purpose </bold>of this review is to analyze current advances in the field of genome editing, their application for the modeling and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as to discuss current limitations and prospects for overcoming barriers in clinical practice.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> To achieve this goal, a systematic analysis of literature over the past nine years (2016–2024) was conducted in the databases CyberLeninka, eLibrary, PubMed, Cochrane Library, SAGE Premier, Springer and Wiley Journals.</p> <p>The main provisions. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases remain a serious challenge for modern medicine, characterized by progressive loss of neurons and the lack of effective therapeutic methods capable of stopping or reversing the pathological process. In recent years, genome editing technologies, including CRISPR-Cas9, TALEN and ZFN, have opened up new horizons in the treatment of these diseases. However, their clinical application is associated with a number of limitations, including problems of delivering editing tools to cells of the central nervous system, the risk of non-target mutations, and ethical issues. In this regard, the improvement of genome editing methods is one of the key areas. Modern methods such as CRISPR-Cas9, basic and prime editing, as well as epigenomic and RNA editing, have demonstrated high potential for accurate correction of genetic defects and modification of pathogenetic processes. Improvements in delivery systems, including viral and non-viral methods, have made it possible to overcome barriers such as low permeability of the blood-brain barrier and increase the effectiveness of therapy.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of methods aimed at improving the safety of genomic editing in the nervous system. Despite significant advances, genome editing technologies face a number of challenges, including the need to increase specificity, minimize non-targeted effects, improve editing in postmitotic neurons and develop long-term safety monitoring methods, as well as address ethical issues related to the clinical application of these technologies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель</bold> данного обзора – проанализировать современные достижения в области редактирования генома, их применение для моделирования и лечения нейродегенеративных заболеваний, а также обсудить текущие ограничения и перспективы преодоления барьеров в клинической практике.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы. </bold>Для достижения цели был проведен систематический анализ литературы за последние девять лет (2016–2024) в базах данных CyberLeninka, eLibrary, PubMed, Cochrane Library, SAGE Premier, Springer и Wiley Journals. Нейродегенеративные заболевания, такие как болезни Альцгеймера, Паркинсона и Хантингтона, остаются серьезным вызовом для современной медицины, характеризуясь прогрессирующей утратой нейронов и отсутствием эффективных лечебных методов, способных остановить или обратить патологический процесс. В последние годы технологии редактирования генома, включая CRISPR-Cas9, TALEN и ZFN, открыли новые горизонты в терапии этих заболеваний. Однако их клиническое применение сопряжено с рядом ограничений, включая проблемы доставки инструментов редактирования в клетки центральной нервной системы, риск нецелевых мутаций и этические вопросы. В связи с чем, совершенствование методов редактирования генома является одним из ключевых направлений. Современные методы, такие как CRISPR-Cas9, базовое и прайм-редактирование, а также эпигеномное и РНК-редактирование, продемонстрировали высокий потенциал для точной коррекции генетических дефектов и модификации патогенетических процессов. Усовершенствование систем доставки, включая вирусные и невирусные методы, позволило преодолеть барьеры, такие как низкая проницаемость гематоэнцефалического барьера, и повысить эффективность терапии.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>За последние годы достигнут значительный прогресс в разработке методов, направленных на повышение безопасности геномного редактирования в нервной системе. Несмотря на значительные достижения, технологии редактирования генома сталкиваются с рядом вызовов, включая необходимость повышения специфичности, минимизацию нецелевых эффектов, улучшение редактирования в постмитотических нейронах и разработку долгосрочных методов мониторинга безопасности, а также решением этических вопросов, связанных с клиническим применением этих технологий.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neurodegenerative diseases</kwd><kwd>CRISPR-Cas9</kwd><kwd>TALEN</kwd><kwd>ZFN</kwd><kwd>genome editing</kwd><kwd>personalized medicine</kwd><kwd>clinical trials</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейродегенеративные заболевания</kwd><kwd>CRISPR-Cas9</kwd><kwd>TALEN</kwd><kwd>ZFN</kwd><kwd>геномное редактирование</kwd><kwd>персонализированная медицина</kwd><kwd>клинические исследования</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>World Health Organization. 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