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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2918</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2499-9490</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678670</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29296/24999490-2025-02-01</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Hemoglobins in ischemic brain damage: from fetal hemoglobin to neuroglobin</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гемоглобины при ишемическом повреждении мозга: от фетального гемоглобина до нейроглобина</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-6299</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kokhanov</surname><given-names>Alexander Vladimirovich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коханов</surname><given-names>Александр Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor of the Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры фундаментальной химии, </p></bio><email>kokhanov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9814-5098</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bisalieva</surname><given-names>Rinata Albkalievna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бисалиева</surname><given-names>Рината Альбкалиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor of the Department of Biological Chemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, доцент кафедры биологической химии и клинической лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><email>rinabis@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1432-7147</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ebzeeva</surname><given-names>Laura Khalisovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эбзеева</surname><given-names>Лаура Халисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student of the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры неврологии и нейрохирургии</p></bio><email>lauraebzeeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Astrakhan State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Астраханский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>11</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-17"><day>17</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-17"><day>17</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2030-05-20"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/678670">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/678670</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>This review is devoted to the study of the structure, properties, evolution of hemoglobins, biochemical and clinical aspects of the use of neuroglobin (Ngb) and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in health and in ischemic hypoxia of the brain.</p> <p><bold>Material and methods.</bold> To search for relevant literature, we used the eLibrary, MedLine and ScienceDirect databases from 2000 to 2023. The data on Ngb and HbF are analyzed, mainly concerning the issues of diagnostics and treatment of hypoxic lesions of the central nervous system.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>The review begins with the structural organization of penta- and hexacoordinated hemoglobins. The evolution of hemoglobin genotypes from bacterial hemoproteins, currently represented by the Ngb protein, to the evolutionarily youngest HbF of placental mammals is presented. The diversity of hemoglobins allows us to assume that the transport function of vertebrate hemoglobins appeared relatively recently during adaptation to the increasing concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere, and the most ancient functions of hemoglobins should be enzymatic (utilization of NO and oxygen) and sensory (in relation to oxygen). Ngb is found in brain tissue, retina, some endocrine glands of mammals and humans. Functions of Ngb: participation in NO metabolism, detoxification of active oxygen species (ROS), protection from apoptosis, signal transmission, participation in lipid metabolism. As for HbF, the physicochemical properties of this hemoglobin have been studied for quite a long time, and a broader clinical study of Ngb and HbF in various pathologies is associated with the problem of diagnostic test systems for these hemoproteins.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>Ngb is a promising drug for protecting cells from hypoxia and neuronal death, and Ngb-based drugs can find application in a variety of medical fields. As for HbF, the development of ELISA for HbF in blood hemolysates opens up new prospects for diagnosing hypoxic and ischemic central nervous system lesions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Данный обзор посвящен изучению строения, свойств, эволюции гемоглобинов, биохимическим и клиническим аспектам применения нейроглобина (Ngb) и фетального гемоглобина (HbF) в норме и при ишемической гипоксии мозга.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Для поиска актуальной литературы использовали базы данных eLibrary, MedLine и ScienceDirect с 2000 по 2023 гг. Проанализированы данные по Ngb и HbF, преимущественно касающиеся вопросов диагностики и лечения гипоксических поражений ЦНС.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Начинается обзор со структурной организации пента- и гексакоординированных гемоглобинов. Представлена эволюция генотипов гемоглобина от гемопротеидов бактерий, представленных в наше время белком Ngb, до эволюционно самого молодого HbF плацентарных млекопитающих. Разнообразие гемоглобинов, позволяет предположить, что транспортная функция гемоглобинов позвоночных появилась относительно недавно при адаптации к увеличивающейся концентрации кислорода в атмосфере, а наиболее древними функциями гемоглобинов должны быть энзиматическая (утилизация NO и кислорода) и сенсорная (по отношению к кислороду). Ngb обнаружен в тканях мозга, сетчатки, некоторых эндокринных железах млекопитающих и человека. Функции Ngb: участие в метаболизме NO, детоксикация активных форм кислорода (АФК), защита от апоптоза, передача сигнала, участие в метаболизме липидов. Что касается HbF, то физико-химические свойства этого гемоглобина исследованы достаточно давно, а более широкое клиническое изучение Ngb и HbF при различной патологии связано с проблемой диагностических тест систем на эти гемопротеиды.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Ngb является перспективным препаратом для защиты клеток от гипоксии и гибели нейронов, а препараты на основе Ngb могут найти применение в самых различных областях медицины. Что касается HbF, то разработка иммуноферментного анализа на HbF в гемолизатах крови открывает новые перспективы для диагностики гипоксических и ишемических поражений ЦНС.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hemoglobin</kwd><kwd>structure</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd><kwd>functions</kwd><kwd>neuroglobin</kwd><kwd>fetal hemoglobin</kwd><kwd>tests</kwd><kwd>use in cerebral ischemia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гемоглобин</kwd><kwd>строение</kwd><kwd>эволюция</kwd><kwd>функции</kwd><kwd>нейроглобин</kwd><kwd>фетальный гемоглобин</kwd><kwd>тесты</kwd><kwd>применение при ишемии мозга</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Burmester Т., Hankeln T. Function and evolution of vertebrate globins. Acta Physiol. (Oxf). 2014; 211: 501–14.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Gell D.A. Structure and function of haemoglobins. Blood Cells Mol. 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