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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2918</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2499-9490</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">688984</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29296/24999490-2025-03-12</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original research</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Morphological features of atherosclerotic plaque: modeling of atherosclerosis after stenting as a model of premature aging</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфологические особенности атеросклеротической бляшки: моделирование атеросклероза после стентирования как модель преждевременного старения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3660-5864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>Kirill L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>Кирилл Ленарович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leading Researcher, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>kozlov_kl@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8478-947X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sopromadze</surname><given-names>Alexey G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сопромадзе</surname><given-names>Алексей Григорьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>sopral@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7401-258X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Medvedev</surname><given-names>Dmitry S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медведев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Станиславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Science, Professor, Leading researcher, Departments of Medical and Social rehabilitation and Occupational Therapy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник кафедры медико-социальной реабилитации и эрготерапии</p></bio><email>mds@dsmedvedev.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4944-2593</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borodulin</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бородулин</surname><given-names>Андрей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor, Department of General Surgery, Candidate of Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры общей хирургии</p></bio><email>avborodulin@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8682-9909</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakova</surname><given-names>Victoria O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полякова</surname><given-names>Виктория Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор, доктор биологических наук, профессор, профессор РАН</p></bio><email>vopol@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Private educational institution of higher education “St. Petersburg Medical and Social Institute”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Частное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский медико-социальный институт»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>92</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-11"><day>11</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-11"><day>11</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2030-08-22"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/688984">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/688984</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Atherosclerosis and the installation of stents can be considered as a model of premature aging of the body. These processes are associated with chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, loss of cellular function, and impaired regeneration, which makes them a convenient model for studying the mechanisms of age-related pathology.</p> <p><bold>The aim </bold>of the study was an immunohistochemical study for the following markers: α-SMA, c-kit, endothelin I on a model of generalized atherosclerosis in experimental animals.</p> <p><bold>Material and methods.</bold> The experiment included 23 male rabbits of the Soviet Chinchilla breed, obtained from a certified nursery and kept in standardized conditions with controlled light, temperature and humidity. The animals were divided into three groups: intact rabbits (n=3), rabbits on a cholesterol diet (n=10) and rabbits on a cholesterol diet with a stent (n=10). Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of tissues was performed using standard techniques, including hematoxylin-eosin staining, detection of proteins α-SMA, endothelin-1 and c-Kit, morphometry using automated image analysis, statistical data processing was performed using StatTech v software.3.1.10.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>The level of endothelin-1 increases sharply with atherosclerosis and increases especially strongly after the installation of a stent, which indicates a violation of the inner lining of the vessel and narrowing of the lumen of the arteries. The level of C-kit protein also increases markedly with atherosclerosis, and is even more pronounced after stenting, which indicates the activation of vascular repair processes. At the same time, the amount of α-SMA protein decreases as a signal of the loss of the ability of vascular muscle cells to contract and indicates an increase in inflammatory changes in the vascular wall.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>In the course of the study, an experimental model of atherosclerosis and stenting in rabbits was reproduced, which makes it possible to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms of vascular pathology associated with premature aging. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant increase in the expression of α-SMA, endothelin-1 and c-Kit in atherosclerotic plaque, especially in the group of animals undergoing stenting, which indicates increased proliferation of smooth muscle cells and endothelial dysfunction. The data obtained confirm that a high-cholesterol diet and the installation of a stent cause not only structural changes in the vascular wall, but also activate inflammatory processes similar to those observed with age-related vascular changes in humans.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Атеросклероз и установку стентов можно рассматривать как модель преждевременного старения организма. Эти процессы связаны с хроническим воспалением, оксидативным стрессом, потерей клеточной функции и нарушением регенерации, что делает их удобной моделью для изучения механизмов возраст-ассоциированной патологии.</p> <p><bold>Целью</bold> исследования явилось иммуногистохимическое (ИГХ) исследование на маркеры: α-SMA, c-kit, endothelin I на модели генерализованного атеросклероза у экспериментальных животных.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> В эксперимент были включены 23 самца кроликов породы «советская шиншилла», полученные из сертифицированного питомника и содержавшиеся в стандартизированных условиях с контролируемым световым режимом, температурой и влажностью. Животные были разделены на три группы: интактные кролики (n=3), кролики на холестериновой диете (n=10) и кролики на холестериновой диете с установкой стента (n=10). Гистологический и ИГХ-анализ тканей проводился с использованием стандартных методик, включая окрашивание гематоксилином-эозином, детекцию белков α-SMA, эндотелина-1 и c-Kit, морфометрию с применением автоматизированного анализа изображений, статистическая обработка данных выполнялась с использованием программного обеспечения StatTech v.3.1.10.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Уровень эндотелина-1 резко повышается при атеросклерозе и особенно сильно растет после установки стента, что свидетельствует о нарушении внутренней оболочки сосуда и сужении просвета артерий. Уровень белка C-kit также заметно увеличивается при атеросклерозе, и еще более выражено после стентирования, что указывает на активизацию процессов восстановления сосудов. В то же время уменьшается количество белка α-SMA, как сигнал об утрате способности мышечных клеток сосудов сокращаться и свидетельствует об усилении воспалительных изменений в стенке сосудов.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> В ходе исследования была воспроизведена экспериментальная модель атеросклероза и стентирования у кроликов, позволяющая изучать молекулярные и клеточные механизмы сосудистой патологии, ассоциированной с преждевременным старением. ИГХ-анализ показал значительное повышение экспрессии α-SMA, эндотелина-1 и c-Kit в атеросклеротической бляшке, особенно в группе животных, подвергшихся стентированию, что свидетельствует об усиленной пролиферации гладкомышечных клеток и эндотелиальной дисфункции. Полученные данные подтверждают, что высокохолестериновая диета и установка стента вызывают не только структурные изменения сосудистой стенки, но и активируют воспалительные процессы, аналогичные тем, которые наблюдаются при возрастных изменениях сосудов у человека.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>stenting</kwd><kwd>cholesterol diet</kwd><kwd>rabbits</kwd><kwd>experimental model</kwd><kwd>α-SMA</kwd><kwd>endothelin-1</kwd><kwd>c-Kit</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атеросклероз</kwd><kwd>стентирование</kwd><kwd>холестериновая диета</kwd><kwd>кролики</kwd><kwd>экспериментальная модель</kwd><kwd>α-SMA</kwd><kwd>эндотелин-1</kwd><kwd>c-Kit</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment FGWG-2025-0025.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках темы государственного задания FGWG-2025-0025.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Abdalwahab A., Farag M., Brilakis E.S., Galassi A.R., Egred M. 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