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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2918</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2499-9490</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">717239</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29296/24999490-2026-04-11</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">xcxfkq</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Metabolic pathways and systemic significance of iron-regulating molecules in microorganisms</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Метаболические пути и системное значение железорегулирующих молекул микроорганизмов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3882-9300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Boiko</surname><given-names>Oksana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойко</surname><given-names>Оксана Витальевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Full Professor, Department of Biological Chemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics; Doctor of Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор кафедры биологической химии и клинической лабораторной диагностики; Доктор медицинских наук</p></bio><email>oboyko08@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8553-0614</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Terentiev</surname><given-names>Aleksandr A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Терентьев</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Physical and Medical Chemistry; Doctor of Medical Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор кафедры биохимии и молекулярной биологии Института фармации и медицинской химии; Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН</p></bio><email>aaterent@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6607-430X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaev</surname><given-names>Aleksandr A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаев</surname><given-names>Александр Аркадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Department of Fundamental Chemistry; Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующий кафедрой фундаментальной химии; Доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>chimnik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5469-3902</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozak</surname><given-names>Dariya M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козак</surname><given-names>Дарья Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor of Biological Chemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics; Candidate of Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент биологической химии и клинической лабораторной диагностики; Кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>kodami10@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2592-0325</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kriventsev</surname><given-names>Yuri A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кривенцев</surname><given-names>Юрий Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Full Professor, Department of Biological Chemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics; Doctor of Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор кафедры биологической химии и клинической лабораторной диагностики; Доктор медицинских наук</p></bio><email>georgy1630@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9814-5098</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bisalieva</surname><given-names>Rinata A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бисалиева</surname><given-names>Рината Альбкалиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor, Department of Biological Chemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics; Candidate of Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры биологической химии и клинической лабораторной диагностики; Кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>rinabis@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7445-0598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhamedzyanova</surname><given-names>Rushaniya I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухамедзянова</surname><given-names>Рушания Ибрагимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor, Department of Biological Chemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics; Candidate of Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры биологической химии и клинической лабораторной диагностики; Кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>mrushana132@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9768-4423</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmineeva</surname><given-names>Aziza Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахминеева</surname><given-names>Азиза Халиловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor, Department of Health Care Organization and Public Health; Doctor of Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры организации здравоохранения и общественного здоровья; Доктор медицинских наук</p></bio><email>aaziza@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5016-9725</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>Margarita P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>Маргарита Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Chemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры биологической химии и клинической лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><email>imp85@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4933-6153</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Medina</surname><given-names>Margarita Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медина</surname><given-names>Маргарита Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Astrakhan Clinical Hospital</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач, Астраханская клиническая больница </p></bio><email>aleeraionel@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8207-1701</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kriventsev</surname><given-names>Maksim Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кривенцев</surname><given-names>Максим Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5<sup>th</sup> year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент V курса</p></bio><email>makskr2000@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Astrakhan State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Астраханский ГМУ Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Military Educational Institution of Higher Education “S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy” of the Ministry of Defense of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБВОУ ВО Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Healthcare Institution “Southern District Medical Center” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУЗ ЮОМЦ ФМБА России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>81</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-12"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-08-12"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2031-08-13"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/717239">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/717239</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>The review aims</bold> at analyzing the present-day knowledge of iron-regulating molecules in microorganisms: their synthesis, secretion, the transport systems that facilitate iron uptake into the cell, the role of these molecules in the development of pathological processes in the human body, and the prospects for their use in developing a new generation of antimicrobial agents.</p> <p><bold>Material and Methods.</bold><bold> </bold>The authors analyzed full-text articles published in PubMed/Medline from 2021 to 2026. The analysis included full-length articles only. A search for the term “iron-regulating molecules of microorganisms” yielded 78 articles for the specified period. 43 articles that did not correspond to the target topic were excluded from the total list. In total, the analysis included 34 publications found through electronic searching and 16 manually-retrieved articles.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold><bold> </bold>Iron is a mineral essential for the normal functioning of almost all forms of life, and pathogenic microorganisms are no exception. Acting as a cofactor, iron ions are involved in various biochemical processes: the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, the regulation of virulence factor expression, the metabolism of reactive oxygen species; therefore, its bioavailability is crucial for the metabolism of bacteria and fungi. In the human body, the level of free iron ions is extremely low, since most of it is either in a stored state or bound to metabolic and transport molecules. Thus, despite the abundance of iron in the human body, the amount available to potential pathogens is negligible. To address this deficiency, many microorganisms have developed systems that allow them to thrive under the deficiency of this chemical element in the host organism. Conclusion. The main functions of iron-regulating molecules consist in converting iron bound to proteins or water-soluble compounds into an ionic form accessible to microorganisms. The loss of the ability to synthesize these molecules correlates with a loss of virulence in microorganisms.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Целью</bold> обзора является анализ современных данных о железорегулирующих молекулах микроорганизмов, их синтезе, секреции, транспортных системах, обеспечивающих поступление железа внутрь клетки; роли этих молекул в формировании патологических процессов в организме человека, а также перспектив их использования для создания антимикробных средств нового поколения.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Проведен анализ опубликованных полнотекстовых статей в PubMed/Medline за 2021–2026 гг. В анализ были включены только полноценные статьи. Поиск термина «iron-regulating molecules of microorganisms» за указанный период выявил 78 статей. Из общего списка были исключены 43 статьи, не соответствующие целевой теме. Всего в анализ включены 34 публикаций из электронного поиска и 16 статей, найденные с помощью ручного поиска.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold><bold> </bold>Железо – это минеральный элемент, необходимый практически всем формам жизни для нормального функционирования и патогенные микроорганизмы не являются исключением. Выступая в роли кофактора, ионы железа участвуют в различных биохимических процессах: синтезе нуклеиновых кислот и белков, регуляции экспрессии факторов вирулентности, метаболизме активных форм кислорода, поэтому его биодоступность имеет решающее значение для метаболизма бактерий и грибов. В организме человека уровень свободных ионов железа крайне низок, поскольку большая его часть находится либо в депонированном состоянии, либо в метаболических и транспортных молекулах. Однако несмотря на обилие железа в организме человека, его доступный для потенциальных возбудителей инфекции уровень незначителен. Для преодоления этого лимитирующего фактора многие микроорганизмы сформировали системы, позволяющие им существовать в условиях нехватки данного химического элемента в организме хозяина.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold><bold> </bold>Основные функции железорегулирующих молекул заключаются в переводе железа, связанного с белками или водонерастворимыми соединениями, в доступную для микроорганизмов ионную форму. Потеря способности их синтезировать коррелирует с потерей вирулентности микроорганизмами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>iron-regulating molecules</kwd><kwd>microorganisms</kwd><kwd>iron</kwd><kwd>pathogenic properties</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>железорегулирующие молекулы</kwd><kwd>микроорганизмы</kwd><kwd>железо</kwd><kwd>патогенные свойства</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bullen J.J., Spalding P.B., Ward C.G., Rogers H.J. 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