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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярная медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2918</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2499-9490</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">717245</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29296/24999490-2026-04-14</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">uwarwu</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Antigen-specific skin tests for detecting tuberculosis infection before biologic and targeted therapy: molecular and immunological foundations and clinical interpretation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Антиген-специфические кожные тесты для выявления туберкулезной инфекции перед биологической и таргетной терапией: молекулярно-иммунологические основы и клиническая интерпретация</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1878-4467</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudlay</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудлай</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, FSAEI HE I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University); Deputy Dean for Scientific and Technological Development, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, FSBEI HE M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Personalized Medicine and Molecular Immunology No.71, The Federal Scientific “State Research Center Institute of Immunology” of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia. Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор кафедры фармакологии Института фармации ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет); заместитель декана по научно-технологическому развитию факультета биоинженерии и биоинформатики, профессор кафедры фармакогнозии и промышленной фармации факультета фундаментальной медицины, ФГБОУ ВПО «Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова»; ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории персонализированной медицины и молекулярной иммунологии №71 ФГБУ «ГНЦ Институт иммунологии» ФМБА России. Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корр. РАН</p></bio><email>kudlay_d_a@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3063-1538</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borodulina</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бородулина</surname><given-names>Елена Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Department of Phthisiology and Pulmonology, Samara State Medical University. Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующая кафедрой фтизиатрии и пульмонологии, ФГБОУ ВО «Самарский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России. Доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>borodulinbe@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-663X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Amosova</surname><given-names>Evgeniya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Амосова</surname><given-names>Евгения Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor of the Department of Phthisiology and Pulmonology, Samara State Medical University. Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры фтизиатрии и пульмонологии, ФГБОУ ВО «Самарский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России. Кандидат медицинских наук, доцент</p></bio><email>amosova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1788-933X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lvova</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Львова</surname><given-names>Мария Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Professional Education, Samara State Medical University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор кафедры педиатрии Института профессионального образования ФГБОУ ВО «Самарский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</p></bio><email>mari-lvova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВПО «Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Federal Scientific “State Research Center Institute of Immunology” of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «ГНЦ Институт иммунологии» ФМБА России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>104</fpage><lpage>110</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-12"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-08-12"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><pub-history><event event-type="received"><event-desc>Received:<date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-12"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="accepted"><event-desc>Accepted:<date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-08-12"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="pub"><event-desc>Published:<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date></event-desc></event></pub-history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russkiy Vrach Publishing House</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "Русский врач"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2031-08-13"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/717245">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/article/view/717245</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold><bold> </bold>The expanding use of biologic agents, targeted synthetic drugs, and other immunosuppressive treatments has increased the importance of testing for tuberculosis infection in patients at risk of developing tuberculosis disease. Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-based skin tests using ESAT-6 and CFP-10 constitute a new class of immunological tests that combine a specific antigenic platform with the operational format of a skin test.</p> <p><bold>Objective.</bold><bold> </bold>To summarize the molecular and immunological basis, diagnostic capabilities and limitations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-based skin tests and to define their place in the comprehensive assessment of patients before biological, targeted, and immunosuppressive therapy.</p> <p><bold>Material and methods.</bold><bold> </bold>A narrative review of publications indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and eLibrary was conducted, together with an analysis of World Health Organization documents and professional clinical recommendations. Studies addressing the molecular properties of ESAT-6 and CFP-10, the diagnostic performance of the tuberculin skin test, interferon-gamma release assays, and antigen-based skin tests, as well as the risk of tuberculosis associated with drug-induced immunosuppression, were considered. The principal search period was 2015 – 2026; earlier fundamental studies were also included.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold><bold> </bold>ESAT-6 and CFP-10 are encoded within the RD1 region and secreted through the ESX-1 system, which is associated with the virulence of the M. tuberculosis complex. The absence of a functional RD1 region in Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) vaccine strains increases the specificity of ESAT-6/CFP-10-based tests compared with the tuberculin skin test. The TBST products evaluated by WHO include Cy-Tb, previously studied as C-Tb, C-TST, and the ESAT-6/CFP-10 recombinant antigen-based skin test used in the Russian Federation. TBSTs detect an antigen-specific cell-mediated immune response but cannot independently distinguish tuberculosis infection from active tuberculosis disease. In patients with severe immunosuppression, a negative skin test may result from impaired T-cell responsiveness. TBST results should therefore be interpreted together with clinical, epidemiological, radiological, and laboratory findings.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold><bold> </bold>Antigen-based skin tests may be used as one component of the comprehensive assessment of patients before biological, targeted, and immunosuppressive therapy. Test selection and interpretation should take into account the clinical and epidemiological risk, the degree of immune impairment, the class of planned treatment, and applicable national clinical algorithms.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold><bold> </bold>Расширение применения генно-инженерных биологических препаратов, таргетных синтетических препаратов и других видов иммуносупрессивной терапии (ИСТ) повышает значение обследования на туберкулезную инфекцию (ТБИ) у пациентов с риском развития туберкулеза. Антиген-специфические кожные тесты (АСКТ) на основе белков ESAT-6 и CFP-10 представляют новый класс иммунологических методов, сочетающих специфическую антигенную основу с организационным форматом кожной пробы.</p> <p><bold>Цель обзора:</bold><bold> </bold>обобщить данные о молекулярно-иммунологических основах АСКТ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TBST), их диагностических возможностях и ограничениях, а также определить место этих методов в комплексном обследовании пациентов перед началом биологической, таргетной и ИСТ.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Проведен нарративный обзор публикаций, представленных в базах PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science и eLibrary, а также документов ВОЗ и профессиональных клинических рекомендаций. Рассматривались работы, посвященные молекулярным свойствам антигенов ESAT-6 и CFP-10, диагностической эффективности туберкулиновой кожной пробы, тестов на высвобождение интерферона-γ и АСКТ, а также риску туберкулеза при лекарственной иммуносупрессии. Основной период поиска составил 2015 – 2026 гг.; дополнительно учитывались более ранние фундаментальные исследования.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold><bold> </bold>Антигены ESAT-6 и CFP-10 кодируются генами региона RD1 и секретируются системой ESX-1, связанной с вирулентностью Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Отсутствие функционального региона RD1 у вакцинных штаммов M. bovis BCG повышает специфичность основанных на этих антигенах методов по сравнению с туберкулиновой пробой. К тестам класса TBST, оцененным ВОЗ, относятся Cy-Tb, ранее обозначавшийся как C-Tb, C-TST и применяемый в Российской Федерации аллерген туберкулезный рекомбинантный на основе комплекса ESAT-6/CFP-10. TBST выявляют антиген-специфический клеточный иммунный ответ, однако не позволяют самостоятельно различить не позволяет самостоятельно различить инфицирование и заболевание туберкулезом. При выраженной иммуносупрессии отрицательный результат кожного теста может быть связан со снижением Т-клеточной реактивности. Результаты TBST должны оцениваться совместно с клиническими, эпидемиологическими, лучевыми и лабораторными данными.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold><bold> </bold>АСКТ могут использоваться как один из компонентов комплексного обследования пациентов перед назначением биологической, таргетной терапии и ИСТ. Выбор метода и интерпретация результата должны учитывать клинико-эпидемиологический риск, выраженность иммунных нарушений, характер предполагаемой терапии и требования национальных клинических алгоритмов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tuberculosis infection</kwd><kwd>antigen-specific skin tests</kwd><kwd>TBST</kwd><kwd>ESAT-6</kwd><kwd>CFP-10</kwd><kwd>ESX-1</kwd><kwd>RD1</kwd><kwd>Cy-Tb</kwd><kwd>C-TST</kwd><kwd>recombinant tuberculosis allergen</kwd><kwd>IGRA</kwd><kwd>biological therapy</kwd><kwd>targeted therapy</kwd><kwd>immunosuppression</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>туберкулезная инфекция</kwd><kwd>антиген-специфические кожные тесты</kwd><kwd>TBST</kwd><kwd>ESAT-6</kwd><kwd>CFP-10</kwd><kwd>ESX-1</kwd><kwd>RD1</kwd><kwd>Cy-Tb</kwd><kwd>C-TST</kwd><kwd>аллерген туберкулезный рекомбинантный</kwd><kwd>IGRA</kwd><kwd>биологическая терапия</kwd><kwd>таргетная терапия</kwd><kwd>иммуносупрессия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Cantini F., Nannini C., Niccoli L., Iannone F., Delogu G., Garlaschi G. et al. 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