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Vol 24, No 1 (2026)
- Year: 2026
- Articles: 10
- URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-2918/issue/view/14998
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.29296/24999490-2026-01
Original research
Synthesis and study of a triple chelated iron complex with folic acid and L-valine
Abstract
Objective. Mixed organometallic complexes containing amino acids and water-soluble vitamins as ligands are promising research subjects in organic and physical chemistry. The practical applications of these compounds may include medicine, where they are considered sources of biologically active substances (essential amino acids, vitamins, and essential microelements).
The aim of this study is to synthesize and characterize a ternary chelate complex of iron with folic acid and L-valine.
Material and methods. The obtained samples were analyzed using IR spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis.
Results. IR spectral analysis revealed that the spectrum of the triple chelate complex of the essential element iron with vitamin B9 and the essential amino acid L-valine significantly reduced the bands of the carboxyl group of folic acid, as well as the deformation vibrations of the amino group and carboxyl group of L-valine, compared to pure substances, and also revealed bands at 619 cm-1, which is characteristic of the Fe-O bond. Analysis of UV-visible spectroscopy data revealed that the distribution spectrum of the triple chelate complex of iron with folic acid and L-valine exhibited maximum concentrations at λ = 343 nm, λ = 281 nm, λ = 215 nm.
Conclusion. Acute toxicity study analysis revealed that the LD50 was greater than 5000 mg/kg for the triple chelate complex of the essential trace element iron with vitamin B9 and the essential amino acid L-valine. Further studies will be aimed at investigating proanemic activity in conditions of iron deficiency anemia in vivo.
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Telemedicine screening and three-year follow-up of stress-associated autonomic dysfunction in students during university adaptation: clinical and digital risk stratification and personalized prevention
Abstract
Background. University entry is accompanied by abrupt changes in social environment, lifestyle and cognitive load, which challenge stress-response systems, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and immune-metabolic homeostasis. In Russian clinical practice, this symptom cluster is often labeled as “vegetovascular dystonia”, while a more accurate framework is autonomic dysfunction and/or somatoform autonomic disorder (ICD-10: F45.3). Digital and telemedicine approaches may enable early detection of ANS dysregulation and prevention of clinically significant functional disorders.
The aim. To evaluate a telemedicine-based early screening program with a 3-year follow-up in university students, focusing on detection of stress-related autonomic dysfunction, clinico-molecular risk stratification, and rationale for personalized prevention (behavioral and nutritional) to reduce symptom burden and adverse educational outcomes (including academic leave).
Material and methods. Prospective telemedicine cohort study. Assessments were performed before the start of education and repeatedly during 3 years using digital questionnaires, sleep and workload metrics, cardiovascular parameters, and heart rate variability (HRV) indices as a dynamic biomarker of ANS regulation.
Results. The study involved 3,155 people. 100 people were selected by random sampling for dynamic observation, of which 83 students completed the study. There were 50 (60.2%) girls and 33 (39.8%) boys among them. The average age of the observed patients was 19.4±0.8 years. There were 48 (57.8%) people from St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, 35 (42.2%) people from other cities. The selection criterion was to determine the high risk of developing diseases according to one of the pathology profiles based on the results of remote questionnaire screening. The risks of developing diseases were distributed as follows: cardiology 29 (35%); gastroenterology 20 people (24%); endocrinology 27 (33%); oncology 6 (7%); pulmonology 1 (1%). During the follow-up period, 48 (57.8%) sought medical help. Of these, 13 (27.1%) were students from St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region, and 35 (72.9%) were from other cities. In 17 cases, treatment required separation from the learning process. Among them, 38.5% were students from St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region, 62.9% were nonresident students. On average, each case required 15.7 days of treatment. During the follow-up period, 41.2% of the students were ill 2 or more times.
Conclusion. Telemedicine-based screening in students enables early identification of ANS dysregulation phenotypes and supports personalized preventive strategies integrating lifestyle interventions and targeted nutritional support.
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Asprosin and meteorin-like peptide: new markers and potential targets in childhood obesity
Abstract
Currently, there is no existing data on the role of asprosin and meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) in the pathogenesis of obesity in children.
Purpose of the study. To assess the relationship between the levels of adipomio-cins asprosin and Metrnl with body composition, metabolic parameters, and hormonal profile in obese adolescents.
Material and methods. The study included 35 participants aged 14 to 17 years. The main study group consisted of 20 overweight and obese adolescents. The control group consisted of 15 conditionally healthy adolescents with normal body weight. All study participants underwent anthropometric measurements, assessment of body composition using bioimpedansmetry (Inbody 770), three-time measurement of blood pressure, and laboratory examinations (glucose, lipid profile, insulin, asprosin, Metrnl, cholecystokinin, leptin, resistin, irisin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 and 2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2).
Results. Metrnl levels were significantly correlated with most anthropometric and metabolic parameters, including the surrogate indices of insulin resistance HOMA-IR, SPISE, and TyG, as well as with leptin and GLP-1 (Figures 1 and 2). Asprosin did not show significant correlations with any of the studied parameters (all p>0.05).
Conclusion. Metrnl, unlike asprosin, proved to be a highly sensitive marker of metabolic disorders associated with obesity in adolescence. Elevated Metrnl levels in obesity may be a manifestation of an adaptive but ultimately ineffective compensatory response to insulin resistance, or it may reflect a state of «metrnl resistance.» The combined determination of these peptide levels over time can help in risk stratification and determining the stage of metabolic disorders in children.
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Molecular patterns of RNA pathogens and immune response to exogenous RNA: recognition mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Abstract
Introduction. Innate immunity represents the first line of defense against pathogens, based on recognition of conserved molecular patterns (PAMPs) through specialized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). RNA-containing viral patterns are of particular importance, including double-stranded RNA, single-stranded RNA with specific structural motifs, and RNA with 5’-triphosphate groups. Recognition of these molecular structures triggers signaling cascades leading to production of interferons and proinflammatory cytokines.
Objective: to systematize current data on molecular mechanisms of RNA pattern recognition by innate immunity, analyze signaling pathways of interferon response activation, and evaluate therapeutic potential of modulating these pathways.
Material and methods. A systematic analysis of scientific literature in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science databases for 2010-2025 was conducted using key terms: pattern recognition receptors, RNA PAMPs, TLR3, RIG-I, MDA5, interferon response, RNA vaccines.
Results. Main classes of RNA-recognizing receptors were identified: endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR3, TLR7/8) and cytosolic RIG-I-like receptors (RIG-I, MDA5). Recognition specificity was established: RIG-I is activated by short double-stranded RNA (< 500 nucleotides) with 5’-triphosphate group, while MDA5 is specific to long dsRNA (> 500 base pairs). Receptor activation triggers signaling cascades through adapter proteins MAVS and TRIF, leading to phosphorylation of transcription factors IRF3/IRF7 and NF-kB, with subsequent induction of interferon genes and proinflammatory cytokines.
Conclusion. Understanding molecular mechanisms of RNA pattern recognition opens new possibilities for developing immunotherapeutic strategies. Modulation of pattern recognition receptor activation allows either enhancing antiviral and antitumor immunity (using agonists) or reducing unwanted innate immune activation (using modified RNA in vaccines and gene therapy).
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The role of markers of chronic inflammation in the progression of sarcopenic obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Abstract
The pathogenetic process of sarcopenic obesity (SO) development is multifactorial, the key of them is considered – non-specific systemic inflammation.
Objective. to assess the influence of the intensity of the course of chronic inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on the development of SO.
Material and methods. The study involved patients with type 2 diabetes (n=83), including 18 men and 65 women aged 68.73 ± 7.17 years, divided into 2 groups: type 1 diabetes mellitus and CO (decreased muscle strength, performance, excess fat mass, decreased appendicular skeletal muscle ratio index (ASMM) to body weight (MT), 2 – type 2 diabetes without CO. The diagnosis of CO was established based on the ESPEN and EASO criteria (2022) and the recommendations of EWGSOP-2019. The following tests were performed: medical history collection, objective examination, anthropometry, SARC-F completion, hand dynamometry, SPPB testing, bioimpedansometry, and laboratory tests (biochemical blood test, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), oxidation protein products (AOPP), 8-hydroxyguanosine, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), 8-isoprostanes, and glutathione).
Results. Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (iNGLT-2) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (aGPP-1) were more often used by participants in the second group (p < 0.001). TNF-α and MIP-1α levels were found to be higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes and SO, as well as glutathione (p=0.037). Correlation analysis revealed a significant direct relationship between glutathione and fat mass and OT; MIP-1α and HbA1c; TNF-α and ASMM, as well as TNF-α and ASMM/MT (p < 0.05). There was also a noticeable inverse relationship between MIP-1α and fat mass, as well as TNF-α and HbA1c.
Conclusion. Pro-inflammatory cytokines play a crucial role in the progression of SO. The selection of pleiotropic therapy, including hypoglycemic therapy, which affects the course of chronic inflammation (iNGLT-2, aGPP-1) will reduce the risk of developing CO in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Integrative role of biomarkers and trace element profiles in risk assessment and stratification of metabolic syndrome in gastroenterology patients
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of conditions including abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia that are very common in developed countries. The prevalence of MS increases annually. In recent years, a significant increase in the prevalence of MS among young people has been observed. Various markers are currently being studied for their potential to understand this pathology.
Objective: To summarize current understanding of the diagnostic value of biomarkers (including vitamin D, magnesium, and the omega-3 index) and predictive factors (HOMA-IR, TyG, FLI, etc.) in the pathogenesis and clinical management of metabolic syndrome (MS), as well as their relationship with gastrointestinal pathologies such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, intestinal microbiota, and chronic inflammation.
Material and methods. A literature review (PubMed, Scopus, eLIBRARY) from 2018 to 2024 was conducted, including original studies, meta-analyses, and clinical guidelines. Levels of vitamin D, magnesium, and the omega-3 index were analyzed, as well as their associations with metabolic syndrome components and associated gastrointestinal disorders.
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Reviews
Bacterial factors in reduced male fertility (literature review)
Abstract
Introduction. Male infertility is a complex medical problem affecting a significant part of the male population. According to the WHO, about 15% of couples worldwide face infertility problems, and in 40-50% of cases the cause is attributed to the male factor. Diagnosis of male infertility requires an integrated approach and interdisciplinary cooperation, including genetic studies, hormonal tests, microbiological tests and assessment of environmental factors and the patient’s lifestyle. The aim of this study is to assess the current state of knowledge about bacteriospermia factors and their impact on male fertility.
Material and methods. The work uses review and original publications indexed in MedLine, Cochrane Library, PubMed.
Results. This paper discusses the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to sperm and their impact on the quality of reproductive cells. Particular attention is paid to the role of pili and fimbriae, physical properties of the bacterial cell wall and sperm agglutination factor (SAF). Bacteriospermia implies the presence of bacteria directly in the seminal fluid, which can negatively affect male fertility; the presence of bacteria in the seminal fluid is an important factor that can lead to pathological changes in spermatozoa, impairing motility and viability. The study is aimed at a deeper understanding of the above-mentioned processes in order to develop new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. Further research in the field of bacteriospermia should be aimed at studying the processes at the biochemical, as well as molecular, immunological, and, in addition, oxidative levels.
Conclusion. The development of new diagnostic tools, as well as biomarkers of bacteriospermia, improvement of existing diagnostic and treatment methods are the most promising areas for future research. The above will allow for more effective detection and treatment of bacteriospermia, improving fertility and reproductive health in men.
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Molecular medicine: modern tactics and strategy of diagnostics and treatment of diseases
Abstract
The aim of the review is to analyze the main trends in the development of molecular medicine and to establish the dependence of the development of modern informative diagnostic tests and treatment methods on new knowledge about the biochemical processes developing in the cell (plasmalemma, organelles, nucleus) in various diseases.
Possibilities of regulation of transport processes through the plasmalemma; promising therapies related to restoration of mitochondrial metabolism, autophagy and cell apoptosis pathways are discussed.
Results. The molecular mechanisms underlying Golgi apparatus dysfunction associated with musculoskeletal diseases and tumor development and progression are presented. We investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disorders, and the development of chronic pain; and the potential use of UPR modulators to treat chronic diseases. The clinical implications and therapeutic potential of targeting the molecular mechanisms of lysosome biogenesis, and directed protein degradation in the human proteome are reviewed.
Conclusion. Knowledge of the molecular participants of DNA editing in cancer is deepened. The pathways of intracellular signaling and potential targets for the development of a new generation of pharmacological drugs for various diseases are analyzed.
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Differences in the genetic landscape of primary gastric adenocarcinoma and its regional lymph node metastases
Abstract
Introduction. Lymphogenous metastasis is a key stage in the progression of gastric cancer. The practice of personalized treatment has historically been based on histological and molecular analysis of the primary tumor, while the molecular-genetic landscape of the metastatic focus may differ significantly, and sometimes radically.
The purpose of this review is to summarize and analyze current data on the nature and extent of genetic differences between primary gastric adenocarcinoma and its synchronous or metachronous metastases to regional lymph nodes.
Material and methods. Full-text publications from the PubMed and eLibrary electronic databases were selected for analysis. The search covered a period of 15 years.
Results. The study examines aspects of intratumoral heterogeneity, discordance in the status of key driver mutations (TP53, CDH1, ARID1A, ERBB2), variability in genomic instability patterns (CIN, MSI, EBV), as well as differences in signaling pathways and gene expression profiles. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms underlying these changes (clonal selection, ongoing genomic instability, adaptation to the microenvironment, and the influence of therapy). Based on the analysis, practical conclusions for clinical oncology are formulated.
Conclusion. Metastases of gastric cancer in regional lymph nodes are the result of a multistage process of clonal selection and evolution, leading to the formation of unique genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic landscapes. This highlights the need to rethink current approaches to biopsy, biomarker testing, and therapeutic response monitoring, with an emphasis on the potential role of metastatic site analysis and liquid biopsy.
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Current advances in the study of molecular pathogenesis of breast cancer
Abstract
Introduction. Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease that represents a major global health problem. It is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world, with the incidence of breast cancer increasing year by year in most countries. The existence of heterogeneity of the disease limits the possibilities of early diagnosis and targeted therapy of breast cancer. Genetic profiling makes it possible to assess susceptibility to breast cancer, especially in women with a positive family history, which makes it possible to screen carriers of risk-associated variants more specifically and at an earlier age.
Material and methods. This review describes recent advances in the study of breast cancer pathogenesis, examining promising candidate targets such as tumor antigens, tumor-associated macrophages, microRNAs, circulating tumor DNA, and protein biomarkers as critical components of disease characterization that improve prognosis. In addition, data on the contribution of genetic and epigenetic factors in the development of this disease, the molecular profile of the tumor and the individual genetic profile of the patient were summarized.
Conclusion. Breast cancer remains a significant public health problem due to its high incidence and heterogeneity. Genetic and molecular profiling are key tools for early diagnosis and better prediction of the disease course. Despite significant advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of AD, further research is required to address unresolved issues and improve diagnostic methods. The development of new biomarkers and patient stratification strategies will contribute to better disease control and improved prognosis for patients.
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